Norges Røde Kors

This essay posits the changes in Edvard Munch’s stylistic treatment of interiority together with his increasing use of repetition in the mid-1890s within an “avisual” framework. The text draws on the work of Akira Lippit that describes avisuality as a new rupture in visual regimes originating at the end of the nineteenth century. Tracing a trajectory of avisuality from 1895 to 1945, the conclusion suggests new ways to extend the posthumous relevance of Munch’s art into the so-called Postwar era that the artist nearly lived to see.

• To promote circular practices, calculation frameworks must consider multiple cycles. • Life cycle calculation frameworks give incentives for downstream reuse. • The circular footprint formula can show the benefits of upstream reuse. • Emission results from different calculation frameworks can differ by up to 230%. • Assumptions on future markets and production efficiency highly influence results. Planning and building for future disassembly and the reuse of materials have been identified as promising design strategies for the implementation of circular economy principles in the construction sector. These strategies are expected to contribute to reducing material related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, the potential of circularity strategies to lower GHG emissions should be further explored in regional case studies. Several life cycle assessment frameworks enable calculating material related GHG emissions arising from circular strategies. This study conducts a scenario analysis of an office building to test two calculation frameworks, FutureBuilt ZERO and the Circular Footprint Formula (CFF), with special focus on concrete and steel, as they account for a large share in global emissions caused by the construction industry. The CFF considers market mechanisms such as demand and supply of high-quality recycled materials, while FutureBuilt ZERO employs a dynamic approach to evaluate future emissions. The results differ by up to 230% depending on the framework and assumptions. Most of the results favor the reuse of secondary materials, i.e., downstream reuse, over the design of buildings for future disassembly, i.e., upstream reuse. Design for disassembly principles are preferred when market mechanisms are considered, and the supply of high-quality secondary material is lower than the demand. The magnitude of the results is correlated with assumptions about future technological improvements in material production. In policy making, market mechanisms and production efficiency pathways should be included in circularity assessments to best depict and understand the GHG emissions reduction potentials at play.

BACKGROUND:There is need for more knowledge about the relationship between work and cognitive functioning in sick-listed individuals.OBJECTIVE:This study investigated whether the degree of work participation is relevant for recovery of cognitive functioning in sick-listed individuals.METHODS:177 occupational rehabilitation participants and 70 controls participated in a non-randomised, longitudinal study. Participants completed computerised cognitive tests targeting sustained attention and working memory at start and end of rehabilitation and 3 and 12 months after rehabilitation. The change score performance in attention and memory between start and end, start and 3 months and 12 months was compared in individuals on sick leave 100–75%, 74–40% and 39–0% (three sick leave groups) of the time in the year after rehabilitation, and a control group not being on sick leave. Fixed effect analysis of covariance adjusting for education and work ability was used.RESULTS:The sick leave group 100–75% had significantly lower score on work ability compared to the other groups at baseline. The main findings indicated that the sick leave group 39–0% improved significantly more in sustained attention compared to the sick leave group 100–75% between start and end of rehabilitation and from start of rehabilitation to 3 and 12 months after.CONCLUSION:The degree of work participation seems relevant to recovery of the cognitive function sustained attention in sick-listed individuals. These findings encourage work rehabilitation clinicians, work consultants and employers to develop RTW plans which take into account that graded employment influence cognitive functioning.

While obesity prevention represents an established field of research, the inclusion of young people, who are regularly cited as an important priority group, are rarely actioned in long-term studies. This paper focuses on the development of a dialogue tool intended to tackle this issue, engaging, and eliciting insights on the theme of obesity prevention, by young people and for young people. As part of the CO-CREATE project, this tool was co-developed by designers, public health, and youth participation experts, researchers, and young people. Co-creation is a key methodology in the design of the dialogue tool, as young people were involved in all stages of the development process. This paper elaborates on the process of co-designing a dialogue tool that helps explore obesity prevention policy ideas from multiple perspectives, and describes the design principles that informed the process and the final versions of the tool. The purpose of the Dialogue Forum tool is for youth to engage policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to discuss and refine co-created and youth-initiated ideas for healthier food and physical activity environments. We analyze how specific design principles were integrated into different prototypes and the value of this within the project and the field.

Alcohol and other substance use disorders and major depression often co-occur. A sedentary lifestyle is related to major depression and even moderate exercise may prevent and contribute to the treatment of depression. Studies have found an effect of physical activity on depression in alcohol and other substance use disorder patients even in clinical settings. To investigate the relationship between level of physical activity and depressive symptoms over time in alcohol and substance use disorder inpatients. Eighty-nine substance use disorder inpatients were followed for 6 months during treatment. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to categorize 3 groups of low, moderate, or high level of physical activity. In addition to background variables and alcohol and drug use measures, data on biometric measures and on sleep were gathered. Becks Depression Inventory version II (BDI-II) measured depressive symptoms. A multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the longitudinal relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms. Most patients (57%) reported low activity, while 24% reported moderate and 19% high activity. Few changed their activity level during treatment. Moderate physical activity was related to lower score on BDI-II (P = .029). Level of physical activity was closely related to insomnia (P = .024). In the multivariate analysis the relationship between depressive symptoms and physical activity did not withstand the adjustment for insomnia. However, in the multilevel logistic regression higher physical activity was related to lower BDI-II score in a dose dependent manner. Among these alcohol and other substance use disorders patients in treatment, there was a relationship between depressive symptoms and physical activity. The low level of physical activity identified among these patients was related to a high level of depressive symptoms. The level of depressive symptoms declined over time; but this change was not related to an increase in physical activity.

Patient Activation Measure-13 (PAM-13) is a valid and widely used questionnaire that assess an individual’s knowledge, confidence, and skills for self-management of their chronic illness. Although there is some evidence regarding its reliability, the test–retest reliability has not been investigated among patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) or schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We investigated the internal consistency and test–retest reliability of PAM-13 in these populations. Test–retest reliability was analysed using data from 29 patients with SUDs and 28 with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Cronbach’s α and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) scores were used to examine internal consistency and test–retest reliability, respectively. Of the 60 collected test–retest questionnaires, 57 were included in the analyses. No mean differences between time one (T1) and time two (T2) were observed in either patient group, except for item 12 in schizophrenia spectrum disorders patients (p < 0.05). Internal consistency for T1 and T2 was 0.75 and 0.84 in SUDs patients and 0.87 and 0.81 in schizophrenia spectrum disorders patients, respectively. The ICC was r = 0.86 in patients with SUDs and r = 0.93 in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. To conclude, PAM-13 showed good internal consistency and test–retest reliability in SUDs and schizophrenia spectrum disorders patients.

Aim:There is limited knowledge about how inpatients anticipate factors that facilitate the transition between specialised inpatient treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) and the post-discharge period. This study explores factors that inpatients anticipated would facilitate such a transition period.Method:A focus group study, consisting of four group interviews with individuals in inpatient SUD treatment, was conducted to explore their expectations for the transition and post-discharge period ahead of them. The transcribed interview material was analysed using thematic analysis.Findings:The analytical process led to three themes: “Belonging”, “Intrapersonal processes” and “Predictability”. Correspondence between inpatients’ expectations and the services they are offered in the transition and post-discharge period may serve as proper support for inpatients ahead of a vulnerable phase, such as the transition and post-discharge period.Conclusions:Findings from the current study highlight overarching elements that inpatients envisioned to be facilitating, such as social support, motivation, self-efficacy, self-awareness and predictability in basic elements such as employment, housing and personal finances. Findings from this study and previous ones imply that certain factors appear to facilitate in vulnerable phases, such as service level transitions. These facilitating factors should be taken into consideration and used as steppingstones through the transition and post-discharge period after inpatient SUD treatment.

BackgroundAmong the adult population worldwide, about 0.5% has illicit drug use disorder (DUD) and about 5% has alcohol use disorder (AUD). Dependency on alcohol, medication or illicit drugs are recognised as risk factors for disabling disease and early death. Treatment for substance use disorders (SUD) is important in promoting persistent abstinence and may be perceived as a valuable public health measure. The current systematic review aims at exploring how psychosocial factors connected to recovery capital and coping behaviour, change after inpatient SUD treatment.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in Campbell Collaboration Library, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Epistemonikos, Medline, PsychINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index and SocINDEX. Cohort studies on psychosocial outcomes for adults who had attended to inpatient SUD treatment that exceeds 3 months, were included. The outcome of interest was change in psychosocial factors. The search results were identified as include, exclude or unclear by one author and then screened by the second author with a specific focus on studies recognised as unclear. Diverging evaluations of eligibility among the unclear studies were resolved by discussion. In case of disagreement, the third author decided the eligibility of the studies in question.ResultsFindings imply an overall progress in mental health, and a potential improvement in employment status and perceived social support after inpatient SUD treatment. Additionally, findings indicate a decrease in substance use from admission to follow-up after discharge from inpatient SUD treatment. These findings are consistent with earlier research on important factors in recovering from SUD. Findings on change in self-efficacy, housing, education and Quality of Life (QoL) however, were scantly researched and were expected to be more prominent outcomes of interest among the included studies.ConclusionDue to the substantial resources used to provide SUD treatment, knowledge about recovery capital, like psychosocial factors that facilitate coping behaviour and reintegration to society, should be standardised and used by SUD treatment providers.Trial RegistrationPROSPERO registration ID: CRD42018087408

PurposeThis paper aims to help managers gain greater insight into issues relating to employees’ sense of mastery to contribute to improved employee performance.Design/methodology/approachConceptual generalization was applied in this paper.FindingsAn analytical model consisting of seven elements that can be applied as a management tool for promoting a sense of mastery among employees was developed.Research limitations/implicationsManagers have little insight into issues relating to employees’ sense of mastery, which can inhibit productivity.Practical implicationsEffective managers focus on the personal strengths of their employees. Managers select and surround themselves with the right people. Successful managers see and understand employees’ need to work on things that they are passionate about.Originality/valueThis paper used cybernetics and systemic thinking to solve mastery issues.