North Caucasian Research Institute of Mountain and Foothill Agriculture

Introduction. Scientific and practical interest in soybeans is associated with their unique nutritional properties, which ensures their widespread use in the food, feed, and industrial sectors. A relevant research area is the development of new approaches to the protection of high-yielding varieties from weeds. The goal of the research was to identify the influence of mineral background and various herbicides on the level of net photosynthetic productivity of soybean crops and the dynamics of its formation. The methods. The experimental work was carried out in 2022–2024 on the territory of the Chechen Research Institute of Agriculture, located in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Ciscaucasia. The soils were represented by leached chernozem of medium thickness: humus content was 3.9 %; available phosphorus was 18–21 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium was 120–150 mg/kg, the reaction of the soil solution was pH 6.9. The research subjects were the promising Amadeus, SG SR Pikor, and Smuglyanka soybean varieties as well as the herbicides Gambit, Hermes, and Bambu. The results. It was found that the highest net photosynthetic productivity was observed early in the growing season, typically peaking during budding and early flowering. As the plants transitioned to flowering and further development, when photosynthetic organs were actively forming, a gradual decrease in this indicator was observed. A significant and dramatic decrease in photosynthetic efficiency was recorded at the final stage of the growing season. With the addition of a mineral supplement (P90 K60), net photosynthetic productivity increased at all measurement periods. Thus, under an unfertilized background (variant Gambit-3.2 + Hermes-0.9, SG SR Pikor variety), it was 2.80 g/m² x day, and under a P90 K60 background, it was 3.18 g/m² x day. Conclusion. Herbicides contributed to an increase in net photosynthetic productivity. High NPP values were observed at the beginning of the growing season, and the maximum value was characteristic of the budding-inception of flowering phase. With the addition of a mineral background (P90 K60), NPP increased at all measurement times.

Objective: To determine the effect of the Russian-produced antioxidant MismaOx PF, added to complete feeds based on locally sourced ingredients (using the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania as an example), containing a subtoxic dose of nitrates, on the nutritional properties and environmental safety of cow's milk and its derivative. Materials and Methods: Swiss cows served as subjects for the study. After the second lactation, 20 cows were divided into two groups of 10 animals, using the same principle as the other groups. Sodium nitrate was added to the feed of dairy cattle in both groups (at a rate of 0,03 g/kg live weight) to ensure a subtoxic dose of nitrates. To detoxify the analyzed toxins, MismaOx PF (RF) was added to the feed of animals in the experimental group at a rate of 200 g/t of feed. Milking tests were performed in the cows in the comparison groups every ten days. Average samples of milk and Ossetian rennet cheese were collected to study their nutritional value (chemical composition) and environmental safety. Results. By introducing the tested antioxidant into the diet, lactating cows in the experimental group outperformed their control counterparts in dry matter content by 0,54 % (P<0,05), milk fat by 0,18 % (P<0,05), and protein by 0,23 % (P<0,05), including casein by 0,23 % (P<0,05). When feeding the antioxidant, lactating animals in the experimental group showed an increase in the proportion of α -casein in milk by 4,45 % (P<0,05) while simultaneously decreasing the proportion of the γ -fraction by 4,60 % (P<0,05). Under the influence of the denitrifying properties of the antioxidant, it was possible to achieve a decrease in the level of nitrates in milk by 2,50 times (P<0,05) and nitrites by 2,50 times (P<0,05); in cheese samples, nitrates by 2,65 times (P<0,05) and nitrites by 2,28 times (P<0,05).

The broad definition of biological suppression of pests, i.e. the use of various organisms or products of their vital activity to cause damage to a harmful insect, includes many new unique and promising methods. Understanding the need for further study of the biology and ecology of harmful insects and their current potential natural enemies resulted in a number of new methods. They, in turn, led to the emergence of terms such as regulated pest control, bioecological control, an integrated control method, ecologized and ecological plant protection, and pest control systems. The components and methods of biological control used and studied now include parasitoids, predators, various pathogenic agents, and in addition, pheromones, attractants and hormones. Based on traditional objects used in the biomethod, genetically modified organisms are created that can independently resist phytophages. Ecologically safe methods of protecting plants from pests and diseases are everywhere included in agricultural practice, and systems of organic farming are being actively introduced. Thus, studies on the use of safe methods for plant protection from pests in relation to specific climatic and geographical conditions are relevant. In this regard, the current paper presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of Shin-Yetsu dispensers in relation to the conditions of cultivation of fruit trees in the North Caucasus region.

В статье предложены методы решения проблемы загрязнения почвенного покрова нефтепродуктами с помощью очистки и рекультивации культурами амаранта, клевера александрийского и рыжика озимого, способными адсорбировать отходы нефтепродуктов в смеси с аланитом, который сохраняет влагу и тепло в корнеобитаемом слое растений. Использование амаранта, клевера и рыжика обеспечивают полную реабилитацию нефтезагрязненных земель в 1,5-2 раза быстрее, чем в известных технологических процессах.

The article describes the present state of mechanization of horticulture and fruit-tree nursery, analyses the mechanization of technological process of parent bushes hilling. Production of planting material for establishing new type orchards depends on the degree of mechanization of technological processes in fruit-tree nurseries, more specifically on the availability of special equipment for work in mountain and foothill areas on stony and heavy soils. At this stage, the urgent task is to increase the efficiency of work of fruit-tree nurseries with simultaneous reduction of labour and power intensity by means of mechanization of production processes based on new technologies and technical tools for cultivation of planting material. The new type orchards, as a rule, are short-growing, high-yielding and require a 5-6 times bigger planting stock compared to old type orchards. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify the production of transplants in fruit-tree nurseries of a new type, and to lay for it the industrial foundation with the use of mechanization means for the care of parent bushes. This intensification is only possible on the basis of application of modern industrial technologies of reproduction of planting material taking into account the landscapes of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania and the use of high-performance agricultural machinery, tractors and other equipment. The article proposes a technology and a combined unit for parent bushes hilling and row spacing cultivation, as well as a tent for budding of planting stock of fruit and berry crops when establishing the new orchards up to world standards. These devices allow to increase labour productivity under production of planting stock in conditions of mountain and foothill areas.