Northern Netherlands Provinces alliance

Latar belakang: Kewajiban menjadi sekolah inklusi dengan persentasi 5 % dari PPDB (Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru), khususnya bagi sekolah-sekolah negeri, memakasa para guru untuk menghadapi tantangan murid dengan beragam kebutuhan khusus secara kreatif, inovatif dan efisien sebisa mungkin, demi tercapainya pembelajaran secara maksimal. Penelitian ini mengangkat studi kasus dari sebuah sekolah negeri di Pagar Merbau dengan kondisi murid penyandang slow learner di kelas tiga Sekolah Dasar. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan pengolahan data menggunakan teknik Miles dan Huberman, dengan subjek penelitian terhadap 2 anak murid penyandang slow learner, dan objek penelitian adalah teknik mengajar apple to apple yang dilakukan oleh guru kelas tersebut dalam mendidik kedua subjek tersebut. Hasil penelitian: Terdapat kemajuan dari pemahaman anak terhadap materi pembelajaran yang dilakukan menggunakan teknik apple to apple dan pendekatan lain seperti eye contact. Selain daripada itu, didapatkan untuk bidang studi olahraga dan menggambar antusiatisme kedua murid tersebut cukup tinggi. Kesimpulan: guru sebagai agen pendidikan diharusnya mampu mengembangkan beragam teknik dalam tujuan mencari cara paling efektif dalam merangkul para murid berkebutuhan khusus guna tercapainya tujuan pendidikan di setiap jenjangan.

An active management of labour protocol that includes amniotomy has been widely promoted as a means of reducing a rising Caesarean section rate. However, evidence does not consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of amniotomy in promoting vaginal birth. This study explores the relationship of amniotomy, and the time at which amniotomy is performed, with the mode of delivery in term primiparous women admitted in active labour to a university teaching hospital. The study also explores several variations in practice between faculty-supervised resident physicians, community physicians and hospital-based nurse-midwives that the authors believe may confound the study findings. Selection criteria were designed to eliminate study bias. Records of 258 women delivering between January 2000 and December 2002, that met the selection criteria, were reviewed. Findings suggest that women receiving amniotomy are more likely to deliver via Caesarean section. Results also demonstrate that women ruptured prior to three centimeters are at higher risk of Caesarean. A comparison of records of cases attended by midwives and physicians suggests several significant differences in labour management including decreased use of amniotomy and amniotomy later in labour. These differences between medical and midwifery management may provide insights into interventions leading to promotion of vaginal delivery.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan strategi pembelajaran PAI menyenangkan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran PAI yang menyenangkan sangat penting untuk meningkatkan minat, motivasi, dan partisipasi siswa dalam memahami dan mengaplikasikan ajaran Islam. Dengan menerapkan strategi-strategi yang variatif seperti permainan edukatif, diskusi kelompok, penggunaan teknologi digital, pembelajaran berbasis proyek, dan aktivitas di luar kelas, guru dapat menciptakan suasana belajar yang interaktif, kontekstual, dan bermakna bagi siswa.

Compact steep-spectrum sources (CSSs) likely represent a population of young radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and have been identified as gamma-ray emitting sources. We present a comprehensive analysis of their gamma-ray emission observed with Fermi/LAT and establish their broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We derive their jet properties by the SED fits with a two-zone leptonic model for radiations from the compact core and large-scale extended region, and explore the possible signature of a unification picture of jet radiation among subclasses of AGNs. We show that the observed gamma-rays of CSSs with significant variability are contributed by the radiation of their compact cores via the inverse Compton process of the torus photons. The derived power-law distribution index of the radiating electrons is p_1~1.5-1.8, magnetic field strength is B~0.15-0.6 G, and Doppler boosting factor is \delta~2.8-8.9. Assuming that the jet is composed of electron-positron pairs, the compact cores of CSSs are magnetized and have a high radiation efficiency, similar to that of flat spectrum radio quasars. The six CSSs on average have higher Eddington ratio and black hole mass than those non-GeV-detected CSSs, and they follow the correlation between the jet power in units of Eddington luminosity (P_jet/L_Edd) and Eddington ratio (R_Edd) with other sub-classes of AGNs, P_jet/L_Edd~R_Edd^0.52, indicating that R_Edd would be a key physical driver for the unification scheme of AGN jet radiation.

In this paper, we compile the very-high-energy and high-energy spectral indices of 43 BL Lac objects from the literature. Based on a simple math model, $\Delta\Gamma_{obs}=\alpha {\rm{z}}+\beta $, we present evidence for the origin of an observed spectral break that is denoted by the difference between the observed very-high-energy and high-energy spectral indices, $\Delta\Gamma_{obs}$. We find by linear regression analysis that $\alpha\ne 0$ and $\beta\ne 0$. These results suggest that the extragalactic background light attenuation and the intrinsic curvature dominate on the GeV-TeV $\gamma$-ray energy spectral break of BL Lac objects. We argue that the extragalactic background light attenuation is an exclusive explanation for the redshift evolution of the observed spectral break.

We develop a model for a possible origin of hard very high energy spectra from a distant blazar. In the model, both the primary photons produced in the source and secondary photons produced outside the source contribute to the observed high energy $\gamma$-rays emission. That is, the primary photons are produced in the source through the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) process, and the secondary photons are produced outside the source through high energy protons interaction with the background photons along the line of sight. We apply the model to a characteristic case was the very high energy (VHE) $\gamma$-ray emissions in distant blazar 1ES 1101-232. Assuming a suitable electron and proton spectra, we obtain excellent fits to observed spectra of distant blazar 1ES 1101-232. This indicated that the surprisingly low attenuation of high energy $\gamma$-rays, especially for the shape of the very high energy $\gamma$-rays tail of the observed spectra, can be explained by secondary $\gamma$-rays produced in interactions of cosmic-ray protons with background photons in the intergalactic space.

1. Introduction Conventional Li rechargeable battery system contains transition metal based electrodes. These conventional transition metal based electrodes have severe problems such as scarcity of resources, potentially high cost, and toxicity. With respect to the high sustainability for the next-generation energy storage system, another candidate of electrode materials is needed. Due to high sustainability and chemical tunability, organic battery system holds a great potential in next generation energy storage system. In order to develop these new battery system, understanding factors affecting a performance should have priority than others. It is well-known that the LUMO level of organic compounds has a linear correlation with redox voltage in rechargeable batteries (Figure 2). 6 However, it has been recently reported additional factors affecting redox voltage of organic electrode materials. 4,5 This research is focusing on categorization of factors affecting a voltage, especially, on cation-substituents interaction. With many references and our experiment results, it is convinced that voltage of organic materials is determined by several factors. Additional substituent effect and cation species effect should be considered for predicting an exact voltage behavior with molecular tuning. 2. Results and Discussion The target species based on terephthalate are shown in Figure 3. Terephthalate is one of the simplest form in organic electrode materials. Therefore, another effect can be reduced to study cation-substituent effect. The plot of LUMO level vs. discharge voltage of target species is shown in Figure 4. Four types of cathode materials have same redox center based on terephthalate already reported by J.-M. Tarascon group.7 Tendency of almost species follows conventional rules which of correlation between LUMO level and discharge voltage, but some species having special substituent shows different behavior. Table 1. LUMO level vs. Experimental voltage Species Na2H2TP Na2TP Na2DMTP Na2MeO2TP Li cell (vs. Li/Li+) 0.93 0.84 0.81 0.9 Na cell (vs. Na/Na+) 0.55 0.59 0.54 0.38 LUMO (eV) -1.58 -1.41 -1.4 -1.34 3. Concluding remarks Firstly, some special substituent gives a big effect to determine a voltage. Methoxy group (-OCH3) is an electron-donating substituent. With LUMO level, voltage should be lower than others. But, in Li cell system, it does not follow. Interaction between lithium and oxygen from methoxy group make a stable discharge form. On the other hand, in Na cell system, sodium ion has a bigger size than lithium ion. So, interaction between oxygen cannot be occurred because of steric strain. Secondly, with LUMO level, voltage of Na2H­2TP should be higher than Na2TP. But, in Na cell system, it is not. Steric strain affect to the voltage of Na2H2TP. In our conclusion, lithium ion size is negligible affecting to the voltage but sodium ion size starts to affect the lowering of voltage in Na2H2TP electrode material. It is expected that competition between factors affecting a voltage of organic electrode materials. In summary, cation-substituent interaction should be considered to predict an exact voltage. It is important for tuning an organic electrode material to make an appropriate voltage in our use. More additional factors may exist and it is needed to categorize them. The more understanding of factors affecting to a voltage gathered, then more accurate prediction and molecular tuning can be possible. 4.

By cross-correlating AKARI infrared (IR) sources with the SDSS galaxies, we identified 2357 infrared galaxies with a spectroscopic redshift. This is not just one of the largest samples of local IR galaxies, but AKARI provides crucial FIR bands (9, 18, 65, 90, 140, and 160um) in accurately measuring galaxy SED across the peak of the dust emission at ~100um. By fitting modern IR SED models to the AKARI photometry, we measured the total infrared luminosity (L_IR) of individual galaxies more accurately. Using this L_IR, we constructed luminosity functions of infrared galaxies at a median redshift of z=0.031, with 4 times larger sample than previous work. The LF agrees well with that at z=0.0082 (RBGS), showing smooth and continuous evolution toward higher redshift LFs measured in the AKARI NEP deep field. The derived local cosmic IR luminosity density is Omega_IR=3.8x10^8 LsunMpc^-3. We separate galaxies into AGN, star-forming, and composite by using the [NII]/Ha vs [OIII]/Hb line ratios. The fraction of AGN shows a continuous increase with increasing L_IR from 25% to 90% at 9<log L_IR<12.5. The SFR_Ha and L_[OIII] show good correlations with L_IR for SFG (star-forming galaxies) and AGN, respectively. The self-absorption corrected Ha/Hb ratio shows a weak increase with L_IR with a substantial scatter. When we separate IR LFs into contributions from AGN and SFG, the AGN contribution becomes dominant at L_IR>10^11Lsun, coinciding the break of the both SFG and AGN IR LFs. At L_IR<10^11Lsun, SFG dominates IR Lfs. Only 1.1% of Omega_IR is produced by LIRG, and only 0.03% is by ULIRG in the local Universe. This work also provides the most accurate infrared luminosity density of the local Universe to date. Compared with high redshift results from the AKARI NEP deep survey, we observed a strong evolution of Omega_IR^SFG ~(1+z)^4.1+-0.4 and Omega_IR^AGN ~(1+z)^4.1+-0.5 (abridged).

The most important German language press centers in the Hungarian part of the Habsburg Empire were Pest,Buda, Bratislava and Timişoara. During the imperial administration of the Banat region, censorship of the presswas done by the local Superior of the Jesuit order. After the dissolution of this monastic order, censorship becamethe responsibility of a counselor of the Town Hall and in the period 1789-1848 it was done by the manager of thePiarist gymnasium.On the 18th of April 1771 the first issue of “Temeswarer Nachrichten”, the oldest newspaper of the Banat,was published in Timisoara. The first newspapers of the Banat region survived only a short time. The newspaper“Temeswarer Wochenblatt”, first issued in 1831, was the first newspaper to appear for a longer period of time.Publication ceased only in the summer of 1849, due to the siege of Timisoara by the Hungarian revolutionaryarmy. The first issue of the “Temeswarer Wochenblatt”, which had the inscription “Mit Pressefreiheit”, appeared on25 March 1848 and is part of the history collection of the Banat Museum, Timișoara.After the end of the 1848-1849 revolution, the German language press of the Banat region expanded. Themost important newspaper of the region, “Temeswarer Zeitung” was published for the first time in January 1852and appeared almost continuously as a daily newspaper until 1949. The neoabsolutist period, after the end of the1848-1849 revolution, also marks the establishment of the first Banat printing presses outside of Timisoara andthe publishing of the first Banat newspapers in the Serbian, Hungarian and Romanian language.

We present the result of a wide-field survey of globular clusters (GCs) in M31 covering a 3deg x 3deg field c. We have searched for GCs on CCD images taken with Washington CMT1 filters at the KPNO 0.9 m telescope using steps: (1) inspection of morphological parameters given by the SExtractor package such as stellarity, full maximum, and ellipticity; (2) consulting the spectral types and radial velocities obtained from spectra takena spectrograph at the WIYN 3.5 m telescope; and (3) visual inspection of the images of each object. We have and GC candidates, of which 605 are newly found GCs and GC candidates and 559 are previously known GCs. Amoects there are 113 genuine GCs, 258 probable GCs, and 234 possible GCs, according to our classification critee known objects there are 383 genuine GCs, 109 probable GCs, and 67 possible GCs. In total there are 496 genprobable GCs and 301 possible GCs. Most of these newly found GCs have T1 magnitudes of 17.5 - 19.5 mag, [17.9 < V < 19.9 mag assuming (C-T1) ~ 1.5], and (C-T1) colors in the range 1 - 2.