OR Concepts Applied (United States)

Abstract Several lines of evidence indicate that aviation‐induced cirrus clouds contribute to global warming. These clouds produce both longwave and shortwave radiative forcing, yet their climate impacts are not well understood. To improve understanding of the climate effects of radiative forcing associated with aviation‐induced cirrus clouds, we use the Community Earth System Model CESM1.2.2 to perform simulations with stylized longwave and shortwave forcing agents in different latitude bands. We find that for the same concentration, longwave absorbers in the sub‐tropics have the largest magnitude of instantaneous radiative forcing but these absorbers in the polar regions show the largest impact on global temperature. In contrast, shortwave scatterers in the low latitudes have the largest magnitude of effective and instantaneous radiative forcing, but the global temperature response is not highly sensitive to the latitude of forcing. Our results suggest that contrail‐induced warming could be reduced most effectively by avoiding aviation‐induced cirrus clouds at night, and at high latitudes during their winters.

Manufacturing, consumer, transportation, and supply chain processes present significant challenges in monitoring, control, and design due to their inherently nonlinear nature and the difficulty of measuring critical variables in real time. The convergence of major innovations from the computer science field has the potential to revolutionize the engineering and control of complex industrial systems. Digital twinning and process simulation have been a staple of computers in process engineering for decades now. However, the advent of advanced sensor systems and big data integration, combined with generative AI and agentified AI (classic and quantum) systems, allows for much more granular and autonomous process control and real-time optimization of complex systems. Advanced process modeling, Agentic AI, and generative AI models have emerged as powerful tools to address the challenges of complex nonlinear systems. We propose here an integrated systems feedback and control architecture (SIC: Sense, Infer, Control) that leverages complementary process knowledge for enhanced real-time monitoring and decision-making, fully integrated into control system functions and the accompanying sensors. In this paper, we explore this integration of generative models in agentic AI ensembles into industrial processes through the lens of four recent industrial case studies: (1) the real-time optimization of motorsports strategy, (2) the development of indirect (soft) sensors for sustainable large-scale manufacturing operations, (3) the creation of sensor data-driven personalized health and cosmetic chemical formulations, and (4) the design of biomanufacturing systems using quantum and classic Agentic AI. These examples demonstrate how agentic and generative models, combined with full-scale process simulation and digital twinning, effectively augment process control, enabling advanced solutions for process optimization, quality improvement, and sustainable operations. The proposed SIC systems architecture serves to enhance process control automation by capturing complex nonlinear patterns and leveraging easily measurable variables. Generative models bridge gaps in process understanding, sensor technologies, control, and monitoring, offering actionable insights for efficient and informed decision-making across diverse industrial applications.

We propose fault-tolerant architectures based on performing projective measurements in the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) basis on constant-sized, entangled resource states. We present linear-optical constructions of the architectures, where the GHZ-state measurements are encoded to suppress the errors induced by photon loss and the probabilistic nature of linear optics. Simulations of our constructions demonstrate high single-photon loss thresholds compared to the state-of-the-art linear-optical architecture realized with encoded two-qubit fusion measurements performed on constant-sized resource states. We believe this result shows a resource-efficient path to achieving photonic fault-tolerant quantum computing.

Apresentam estudo de caso do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, a respeito da repercussão dos créditos adicionais ao orçamento sobre o planejamento estadual. A despeito de os números gerais serem coerentes, escondem uma importante desigualdade setorial, em que classificações funcionais específicas tiveram imprecisões relevantes na orçamentação, o que pode denotar fragilidades no planejamento setorial.

Genome sequences can reveal the extent of inbreeding in small populations. Here, we present the first genomic characterization of type D killer whales, a distinctive eco/morphotype with a circumpolar, subantarctic distribution. Effective population size is the lowest estimated from any killer whale genome and indicates a severe population bottleneck. Consequently, type D genomes show among the highest level of inbreeding reported for any mammalian species (FROH ≥ 0.65). Detected recombination cross-over events of different haplotypes are up to an order of magnitude rarer than in other killer whale genomes studied to date. Comparison of genomic data from a museum specimen of a type D killer whale that stranded in New Zealand in 1955, with 3 modern genomes from the Cape Horn area, reveals high covariance and identity-by-state of alleles, suggesting these genomic characteristics and demographic history are shared among geographically dispersed social groups within this morphotype. Limitations to the insights gained in this study stem from the nonindependence of the 3 closely related modern genomes, the recent coalescence time of most variation within the genomes, and the nonequilibrium population history which violates the assumptions of many model-based methods. Long-range linkage disequilibrium and extensive runs of homozygosity found in type D genomes provide the potential basis for both the distinctive morphology, and the coupling of genetic barriers to gene flow with other killer whale populations.

Marine debris is severely threatening the marine lives and causing sustained pollution to the whole ecosystem. To prevent the wastes from getting into the ocean, it is helpful to clean up the floating wastes in inland waters using the autonomous cleaning devices like unmanned surface vehicles. The cleaning efficiency relies on a high-accurate and robust object detection system. However, the small size of the target, the strong light reflection over water surface, and the reflection of other objects on bank-side all bring challenges to the vision-based object detection system. To promote the practical application for autonomous floating wastes cleaning, we present FloW <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">†</sup> , the first dataset for floating waste detection in inland water areas. The dataset consists of an image sub-dataset FloW-Img and a multimodal sub-dataset FloW-RI which contains synchronized millimeter wave radar data and images. Accurate annotations for images and radar data are provided, supporting floating waste detection strategies based on image, radar data, and the fusion of two sensors. We perform several baseline experiments on our dataset, including vision-based and radar-based detection methods. The results show that, the detection accuracy is relatively low and floating waste detection still remains a challenging task.

Resumo: A presente pesquisa trata de discutir a temática da avaliação da aprendizagem e tem como objetivo analisar a prática avaliativa de professores nos anos iniciais no Ensino Fundamental. O processo de análise decorreu por meio de um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas, aplicadas aos professores que atuam no 1º ao 5º ano de uma escola Estadual do município do Sul de Santa-Catarina. Para aprofundar a discussão, também foi realizada uma análise do Projeto Político Pedagógico - PPP da escola investigada, com objetivo de articular com as respostas das professoras. Os resultados evidenciam que ainda persistem dúvidas, por parte dos professores investigados, sobre o processo de avaliação e percebeu-se também que o documento norteador da escola apresenta algumas fragilidades com relação a concepção de avaliação e as orientações pedagógicas para o trabalho avaliativo. Palavras-chave: Concepções de avaliação. Ensino e aprendizagem. Projeto Político Pedagógico. Práticas Avaliativas.

\n O presente trabalho teórico possui como tese a necessária compreensão da base biológica da cognição humana, para reconhecermos que a origem das referências dos fenômenos estudados pelas Ciências se dá a partir da nossa correlação interna, a qual surge na experiência dos sujeitos como observadores individualmente e coletivamente. No percurso do trabalho identificamos as concepções relacionadas à interação humana por meio da Biologia do Conhecer de Humberto Maturana e as suas implicações para o Ensino de Ciências da Natureza. De acordo com Humberto Maturana (2006) não podemos evitar nossa biologia, ou seja, nossa constituição estrutural do organismo enquanto ser biológico, que influência diretamente no modo como interagimos e como aprendemos. Explicitamos, também, os paradigmas em torno das pesquisas sobre a cognição e como a Biologia do Conhecer se diferencia em relação a outros programas de estudo, ao mesmo tempo, destacamos os conceitos fundamentais que trazem uma perspectiva, por meio do observador, para a educação científica. Os referidos conceitos abrem uma área própria de pesquisa para o ensino de Ciências da Natureza, que denominamos de Biointeracionismo.\n

Ginkgo biloba is a dietary supplement used extensively for various purported therapeutic benefits. However, a series of studies reported ginkgo increased risk of liver cancer in laboratory animals. Therefore, the association between ginkgo consumption and liver function was examined using a very large comprehensive epidemiologic database of the U.S. population, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2001–2012; N = 29,684). Ginkgo intake of adults was assessed as were multiple clinical markers of impaired liver function: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and bilirubin. Approximately 2.51% of NHANES 2001–2012 adult participants were ginkgo consumers (N = 616) and their mean intake of ginkgo was 65.1±4.4 mg/day. When levels of markers of liver function (activities of ALP, ALT, AST, GGT and LDH, and bilirubin level) in ginkgo consumers were compared to non‐consumers, the differences were not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.01). In addition, no significant differences (P &gt; 0.01) in liver enzymes and bilirubin levels between consumers and non‐consumers were observed when the data were stratified by sex. Activities of liver enzymes and bilirubin levels for high ginkgo (above median intake) consumers and low ginkgo (below median intake) consumers did not differ from non‐consumers in male and female adults, as well as when the sexes were combined (P &gt; 0.01). No significant trends (P &gt; 0.01) were noted for ALP, ALT, AST, GGT or LDH activities or bilirubin levels across non‐consumers, low ginkgo consumers and high ginkgo consumers. These data indicate moderate ginkgo intake typical of US consumers does not alter liver function. Biomarkers from NHANES may be useful to examine adverse effects of supplements for which insufficient human adverse event and toxicity data are available.Views expressed here are those of the authors and do not reflect official policy of the US Army, Department of Defense, or US Government.Support or Funding InformationSupport: DoD/MRMC

A possible predatory interaction between killer whales (Orcinus orca) and hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna sp.) was observed during April 1991 near Punta Cormorant, Galápagos Islands. Three killer whales were observed in close proximity to a freshly dead female hammerhead. One of the killer whales (approximately 6m in length) was observed motionless in a vertical position above the shark carcass and later was seen chasing an approximately 40cm hammerhead, supposedly a pup born prematurely from the dead shark. The sharks are thought to have been scalloped hammerheads (S. lewini).