Odense City Museums

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This study compared the joint kinematics between the front squat (FS) conducted in the upright (natural gravity) position and in the supine position on a short arm human centrifuge (SAHC). Male participants (N = 12) with no prior experience exercising on a centrifuge completed a FS in the upright position before (PRE) and after (POST) a FS exercise conducted on the SAHC while exposed to artificial gravity (AG). Participants completed, in randomized order, three sets of six repetitions with a load equal to body weight or 1.25 × body weight for upright squats, and 1 g and 1.25 g at the center of gravity (COG) for AG. During the terrestrial squats, the load was applied with a barbell. Knee (left/right) and hip (left/right) flexion angles were recorded with a set of inertial measurement units. AG decreased the maximum flexion angle (MAX) of knees and hips as well as the range of motion (ROM), both at 1 and 1.25 g. Minor adaptation was observed between the first and the last repetition performed in AG. AG affects the ability to FS in naïve participants by reducing MAX, MIN and ROM of the knees and hip.

Mitigating climate change by reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is considered an urgent challenge for society. In this context, different philosophies exist. A classic debate, referred to as “boomsters vs. doomsters”, asks whether humanity's drive for technological innovations will mitigate climate change, or whether it is justifiable to compromise our living standards, affluence, and consumption patterns. A Danish research project has elucidated this topic through cross-collaboration between historians and engineers by quantifying the personal consumption-based carbon footprint (CF) of Danish citizens, taking into account the consumption segments of food, transport, housing, and furniture. Quantification is conducted through life-cycle assessments (LCA) of five decadal timesteps during the period 1860–2020. As only one other study conducting historical (retrospective) LCA with an extensive time horizon was identified in the scientific literature, our own study provides novel insights by exploring possible approaches in this field. Historical LCA has many similarities with prospective (future) LCA, providing inspiration to the approach. The main challenge of the study is to adjust both foreground and background systems in the inventory modelling phase. Data is largely based on national statistics, books, museum case studies, expert testimonials, and proxies such as using the steam turbine as an indicator of improvements to technological efficiency over time. The results show a slightly declining carbon footprint in the period 1860–1930, from 7.7 to 6.6 t CO2-eq per capita annually. Unsurprisingly the footprint peak is not found until the 1970s, at 11 t, reducing to 5.4 t in the 2010s. The residential energy consumption segment contributes half of this CF, followed by transportation by road and rail. Discussion of the results shows that whether technology can mitigate the impact from the increase in affluence depends on the specific consumption segment. For housing combined with residential energy, the results show that technology can mitigate increases in CF, despite the comforts of home having only increased over time. For the transportation segment, however, the past century has seen an eightfold increase in CF due to the pronounced evolution of personal modes of transportation. The findings suggests that the “boomsters vs. doomsters” debate is not so black and white after all. We further suggest that historical LCA, in tandem with prospective LCA, can provide valuable insights for decision support to facilitate a green transition and hence a green future.

Handling, mapping, and analysing large quantities of fuzzy data is a challenge. Scientifically determined provenances of raw materials in archaeologically retrieved finds are generally not very specific but point to smaller or larger regions of origin. When a dataset comprises several hundred probable and approximate geographical records representing a vast number of partly overlapping regions of provenance, it is difficult to comprehend the dataset and even harder to analyse and illustrate the results. This article presents data models and methods to solve this challenge using a dataset of approximately 1,800 scientifically determined provenances of raw materials from archaeological finds retrieved within southern Scandinavia, primarily from 200– 1200 CE. The materials are often everyday durables, such as iron, wood, and ceramics. The aim is to find new methods to gain insight into resource flows from, into and within geographical areas through quantitative GIS analysis of the scientifically determined provenances.

Issuing from Jane Jacobs’s concepts of ‘import replacement’ and ‘adding new work to old’, this paper proposes that these processes can be traced in the archaeological record of the early stages of the medieval city Odense in Denmark. It is suggested that Jacobs’s concepts help model the drivers of urban growth and expansion of economy. Therefore, it is suggested that Jacobs’s concepts are an alternative way of studying and comparing settlements regardless of their functional, topographical, or administrative traits. The paper also proposes that social processes of interdependency, related to co-presence and the dynamics of growth, are defining for the urban way of life. The argument is developed through an analysis of use and strategies towards animal resources - meat, bones, fur, and leather.

The article investigates the social practices of the inhabitants of the medieval town as it is expressed in the materiality of the urban landscape. It is argued that a practice-based approach allows an understanding of how urbanity, defined as a specific set of social practices motivated by the shared space, developed in the medieval period. The town is seen as something more than a physical entity. The argument is developed through a diachronic and contextual analysis of the spatial organisation and layout of the medieval town of Odense in Denmark, as it is seen in the archaeological record of I. Vilhelm Werners Plads, representing the 9th-16thcenturies. The analysis demonstrates that from the mid-12thcentury, the organisation of the settlement plot and the interaction between town dwellers and townscape change. This change of practices is seen as related to a different mind-set and perception of what it means to live in a town, that progressively has provided a sense of urbanity.

Contesting the concept of Woman: Perspectives from conceptual history.The main argument of this article is that the concept of kvinde (woman) was redefined in the 19th century in Denmark, and that it can be studied alongside other central concepts. Kvinde re-entered the Danish vocabulary as a universal term for woman not bound to social or marital status. Early romanticists such as Adam Oehlenschläger (1779-1850) and N.F.S. Grundtvig (1783-1872) used and disseminated sagas and myths from Old Norse mythology to re-conceptualize the concept of kvinde in romantic poetry. Gradually the concept of kvinde entered other spheres of society. The article seeks to present a framework for further studies, not only in the debates and themes proposed here, but also in relation to other gendered discussions of the 19th century. The article is a preliminary attempt to establish the concept of kvinde in a conceptual framework, arguing that the concept needs to be studied in more depth as central to the discussions of the 19th century

This article discusses the main lessons of the Marshall Plan's Technical Assistance Programme. The point of departure is the Danish case, but the perspective is wider, and the article aims at broadening the somewhat narrow chronology and geography often applied in studies on the history of the Marshall Plan. When following the Technical Assistance up until the mid-1950s in a Scandinavian country it becomes clear that American diplomats didn't just want the Europeans to work harder, but that their drive for productivity also promoted Americanisation in the form of an US-style business and consumer culture. The ‘American Way’ presented through the Technical Assistance Programme, though not uncontested, was a powerful and appealing model for prosperity applicable to all areas of the economy, from agriculture to retail.

In the present study, coupled stable sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation during elemental sulfur disproportionation according to the overall reaction: 4H2O + 4Sˆ → 3H2S + SO4 2 − + 2H+, was experimentally investigated for the first time using a pure culture of the sulfate reducer Desulfobulbus propionicus at 35ˆC. Bacterial disproportionation of elemental sulfur is an important process in the sulfur cycle of natural surface sediments and leads to the simultaneous formation of sulfide and sulfate. A dual-isotope approach considering both sulfur and oxygen isotope discrimination has been shown to be most effective in evaluating specific microbial reactions. The influence of iron- and manganese bearing-solids (Fe(II)CO3, Fe(III)OOH, Mn(IV)O2) acting in natural sediments as scavengers for hydrogen sulfide, was considered, too. Disproportionation of elemental sulfur was observed in the presence of iron solids at a cell-specific sulfur disproportionation rate of about 10− 9.5± 0.4 μ mol Sˆ cell− 1 h− 1. No disproportionation, however, was observed with MnO2. In the presence of iron solids, newly formed sulfate was enriched in 18 O compared to water by about +21‰ (≡ ϵ H2O ), in agreement with a suggested oxygen isotope exchange via traces of intra- or extracellular sulfite that is formed as a disproportionation intermediate. Dissolved sulfate was also enriched in 34S compared to elemental sulfur by up to +35%. Isotope fractionation by Desulfobulbus propionicusis highest for all disproportionating bacteria investigated, so far, and may impact on the development of isotope signals at the redox boundary of surface sediments.

An increasing number of hearing aid types include one or more features which are intentionally non-linear. In such devices measurement of frequency response and distortion using sweep tone measurements are typically of little relevance. Five different non-linear hearing aid types were used to evaluate three different broad-band measuring methods. The results revealed that these methods were meaningful in estimating average frequency response obtained with a specific input signal, but none of the three methods used in the study was able to evaluate separately the effects of the most important signal modifications: memoryless non-linearity like peak clipping, time-varying gain from AGC and additive internal noise.