Odessa State University of Internal Affairs

The article provides a thorough analysis of the economic transformation of the state and law during a period of transition. It reveals the transitional period to be a regular stage of societal development combining political, legal and economic changes. The article emphasises that, for Ukraine and other post-socialist states, transition is multidimensional, involving a shift from a centralised planned economy to a market economy, from an authoritarian model to a democratic system, and from an industrial society to an information society. In the politico-legal dimension, the study examines the adaptation of institutions to the conditions of martial law, restrictions on constitutional rights, and the need to ensure a balance between security and democracy. In the economic dimension, the dynamics of wartime transformation are outlined, including a sharp decline in GDP in 2022, stabilisation measures by the government and the National Bank, the introduction of a simplified tax regime, and support for business under wartime conditions. The article concludes that the success of economic transformation directly depends on the effectiveness of the legal system and state institutions. The Ukrainian experience offers a distinctive illustration of a tripartite combination of the struggle for statehood, modernisation of the legal system, and economic renewal, thus constituting a valuable exemplar for the international community. The subject of the research is the processes of economic transformation of the state and law under conditions of transition, in particular the interrelationship between politico-legal reforms and economic changes in Ukraine during 2022-2025, determined by the war, post-war reconstruction, and integration into the European Union. The research methodology employed is founded upon the utilisation of both general scientific and special legal methods. The dialectical method was employed to elucidate the essence of transitional processes in the state and law, and to identify their interrelation with economic transformations. The comparative-legal method was utilised to analyse the experience of post-socialist and European states that underwent a similar transitional path. The systemic-structural method made it possible to examine the state, law and economy as interconnected elements of a single social mechanism, in which changes in one sphere predetermine transformations in the others. The article aims to conduct a comprehensive study of the peculiarities of state and legal transformation during periods of transition. It seeks to identify the interrelationship between political and legal reforms and economic changes in Ukraine between 2022 and 2025. Finally, it aims to determine strategic guidelines for post-war reconstruction and European integration. Research results. The study establishes that Ukraine's transitional period is multidimensional, characterised by simultaneous changes in the political, legal and economic spheres. It shows that the legal system has become more adaptable under wartime conditions. The research confirms that the success of economic transformation hinges on the effectiveness of state institutions and the rule of law, as well as the capacity to strike a balance between security requirements during wartime and democratic principles. Conclusions. The study makes it possible to draw several key general conclusions. Ukraine’s transitional period remains inherently multidimensional: economic transformations are closely intertwined with political, legal, and institutional reforms. The legal system has demonstrated a notable capacity for adaptation; even under conditions of martial law, state institutions continued to function, while legislation was adopted to protect human rights, counter collaborationism, strengthen anti-corruption measures, and advance judicial reform. The economy experienced a profound crisis; however, sustained international support combined with domestic reform efforts enabled a degree of stabilisation and gradual recovery. Progress in European integration, including the implementation of visa-free regimes and alignment with EU membership criteria, has further highlighted the strong interdependence between economic policy and legal transformation. Finally, the social dimension of the transition—encompassing demographic losses, the return of displaced persons, and the reintegration of veterans—has generated new demands on state policy. Addressing these challenges is essential to ensuring long-term sustainable development and social stability. Ukraine's experience of 2022–2025 demonstrates that, even in extraordinary circumstances, it is feasible to implement reforms, amalgamate wartime mobilisation with democratic transformations, and establish the foundations for future economic and legal advancement. Consequently, the period of transition for Ukraine represents not only a challenge, but also a significant opportunity. The convergence of economic transformation and legal modernisation is laying the foundation for the establishment of a sustainable European state, grounded in the principles of the rule of law, democracy, and a competitive market economy.

Introduction. Chronic pain is a frequent and disabling consequence of combat-related extremity injuries. However, data on modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for pain chronification in military trauma populations remain limited. Aim. To identify risk factors associated with the development of chronic pain after combat-related extremity injuries and to assess the impact of injury characteristics and early treatment strategies on pain outcomes. Materials and methods. This multicenter observational cohort study included 322 patients with combat-related extremity injuries treated at three tertiary care centers. Demographic, injury-related, and treatment-related variables were prospectively collected. Chronic pain persisting for ≥ 3 months after injury was the primary outcome. Univariate analyses were followed by multivariable logistic regression to identify independent predictors of chronic pain development. Results. Chronic pain developed in 98 patients (30.4%). In multivariable analysis, peripheral nerve injury (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.68–4.60), infectious complications (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.29–3.55), number of surgical procedures (OR 1.29 per procedure, 95% CI 1.14–1.47), and delayed initiation of analgesia (> 6 hours) (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.05–2.78) were independently associated with chronic pain. Use of regional anesthesia during the acute phase was associated with a reduced risk of chronic pain (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43–0.99). Conclusions. Approximately one-third of patients developed chronic pain following combat-related extremity injuries. Both injury severity and early treatment-related factors contribute to pain chronification. Optimization of early analgesia, prevention of infectious complications, and broader use of regional anesthesia may reduce the long-term burden of chronic pain in military trauma survivors.

This study examines the behavior of policing-relevant administrative indicators in Ukraine across 2019–2024, spanning pre-escalation conditions and the period following the large-scale escalation of armed conflict beginning in February 2022. Using a measurement-aware, mixed-method descriptive design, we compile indicators across five domains: crime-processing backbone (registered and solved crimes), domestic-violence reporting, missing-persons caseload, institutional workload/service demand, and public trust in police. The evidence shows a clear discontinuity around 2022, where several domains stop behaving like extensions of pre-war patterns and begin reflecting a different measurement environment. Registered and solved crimes reverse direction after 2021 and expand through 2024, while the clearance proxy rises overall but does not move smoothly. Domestic-violence reports show volatility followed by post-2021 elevation, missing-persons magnitudes expand in post-2022 snapshots, and trust softens from 2023 to 2024. Cross-domain comparison reveals both convergence (multiple indicators shifting together around 2022) and divergence (clearance and trust moving differently from crime volumes). We interpret these patterns through an institutional-output lens: observed series are jointly shaped by changing reporting conditions, recording practices, coverage, and case processing constraints, not just by underlying prevalence. The study demonstrates a crisis-ready approach where indicators are reported faithfully to their public form, discontinuities are made explicit, and conclusions avoid over-claiming. Recommendations include pairing numbers with coverage/definitional metadata, treating cross-domain divergence as an audit trigger, and strengthening multi-source triangulation to distinguish changes in harm from changes in measurement.

The article presents a method for detecting low-intensity DDoS attacks, focused on identifying difficult-to-detect “low-and-slow” scenarios that remain undetectable by traditional defence systems. The key feature of the developed method is the statistical criteria’s (χ2 and T statistics, energy ratio, reconstruction errors) integration with a combined neural network architecture, including convolutional and transformer blocks coupled with an autoencoder and a calibrated regressor. The developed neural network architecture combines mathematical validity and high sensitivity to weak anomalies with the ability to generate interpretable artefacts that are suitable for subsequent forensic analysis. The developed method implements a multi-layered process, according to which the first level statistically evaluates the flow intensity and interpacket intervals, and the second level processes features using a neural network module, generating an integral blend-score S metric. ROC-AUC and PR-AUC metrics, learning curve analysis, and the estimate of the calibration error (ECE) were used for validation. Experimental results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method over existing approaches, as the achieved values of ROC-AUC and PR-AUC were 0.80 and 0.866, respectively, with an ECE level of 0.04, indicating a high accuracy of attack detection. The study’s contribution lies in a method combining statistical and neural network analysis development, as well as in ensuring the evidentiary value of the results through the generation of structured incident reports (PCAP slices, time windows, cryptographic hashes). The obtained results expand the toolkit for cyber-attack analysis and open up prospects for the methods’ practical application in monitoring systems and law enforcement agencies.

The study focuses on the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of a legal and economic nature, concerning the legal support for the activities of operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime, in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Methodology. The present study employed both general and special methods of cognition. Utilising the dialectical method, the author evaluated the essence of countering cybercrime by operational police units in terms of its prevention and prevention of these offences in the legal and economic planes, according to a diverse range of parameters. The analysis established the foundations for a multidimensional study of all the characteristic features of cybercrime prevention in the context of economic integration, in terms of economic and legal etymology. The synthesis established the conditions necessary for the generalisation of the distinctive features of the activities of police operational units. The formal legal method enabled the correct interpretation of the content of legal acts defining the general and special legal regimes of preventive activities of operational police units within the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential areas for improvement in the activities of the operational units of the National Police in order to prevent cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The results of the study demonstrated that the role of the operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges encompasses a range of complex measures in various areas of activity of the relevant police unit, primarily in ensuring cybersecurity. It has been determined that there are specific areas in which the operational units of the National Police can enhance their efforts to combat cybercrime. These areas have been identified in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Conclusion. The advent of cybercrime can be attributed to the prevailing technological transformations in the economy, particularly with regard to the dissemination of information as the primary resource and catalyst for societal advancement. The author's position is that the implementation of economic policies aimed at curbing cybercrime should encompass the following measures: the establishment of a fair and balanced tax system, the formulation of a strategic economic development policy, the promotion of production-oriented initiatives, and the allocation of resources towards the enhancement of public services. From the standpoint of a company's economic security, measures to prevent cybercrime are crucial, due to both local and global economic factors. The analysis of cybercrime legislation enabled the identification of measures of general and special competence taken by the operational units of the National Police. Concurrently, within the legislative framework on national security, which encompasses cybersecurity, the National Police is delineated as a subject of counteraction to such crime, signifying a specialised competence. Concomitantly, the general competence in combating and preventing cybercrime is reflected in the primary function of the National Police, namely to ensure public safety and order, protect human rights and freedoms, the interests of society and the state, and combat crime, including in cyberspace. The primary focus of the implementation of the special competence of operational police units is the Cyber Police Department, which is an integral component of the National Police. The Cyber Police Department is responsible for conducting comprehensive operational and investigative activities as a component of the broader strategy to prevent cybercrime. The authors support the view that the following measures, carried out by operational police units, stand out as effective means of countering cybercrime under conditions of existential challenges associated with armed aggression. These measures include counterintelligence, operational and investigative work, and procedural work to counter relevant information threats; the introduction of incentive measures aimed at creating their own information product; the development of their own information and telecommunications infrastructure; and the establishment of communication between civil society and law enforcement agencies in this area.

V International scientific conference «Maritime security of the Baltic-Black Sea region: challenges and threats» : conference proceedings (November 26, 2025, Odesa, Ukraine). Riga, Latvia : «Baltija Publishing», 264 pages.

V International scientific conference «Maritime security of the Baltic-Black Sea region: challenges and threats» : conference proceedings (November 26, 2025, Odesa, Ukraine). Riga, Latvia : «Baltija Publishing», 280 pages.

Objective: The object of this scientific publication is the use of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, focusing on the main problematic issues, legislative gaps, and the need for improvements in law enforcement practices. Method: The method of study involves a detailed analysis of the current criminal procedure legislation, identification of the general and special features of electronic evidence, and examination of practical issues related to the collection, assessment, and admissibility of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings. The authors use legal analysis and case studies to propose amendments to the legislation and suggest practical improvements. Results: In this scientific publication, the authors highlight the main problematic issues of using electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, propose amendments to the current criminal procedure legislation, and also make proposals for improving law enforcement practice. It is argued that electronic evidence is an independent procedural source of evidence which has both general and special features and nowadays plays an important role in establishing the truth in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that the use of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings currently has no regulatory basis, which causes numerous difficulties and gaps which, among other things, lead to abuse of procedural powers. Contribution: It is established that in the process of collecting electronic evidence, there are many abuses of procedural powers, which are expressed in the excessive seizure of their carriers, as well as unlawful interference with privacy. The article also reveals the difficulties in assessing electronic evidence as relevant, admissible and reliable evidence. In particular, the use of different copies of electronic documents, compliance by judges with the principle of direct examination of evidence, and the admissibility of electronic evidence obtained from open sources are controversial. Based on the results of the study, the authors propose to amend the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine by supplementing Chapter 4 ‘Evidence and Proof’ with paragraph 5 ‘Electronic Evidence’, which should define their concept, procedural procedure for their seizure, storage, return, and peculiarities of evaluation. The authors also emphasises the expediency of upgrading the qualifications of authorised persons by conducting thematic training on the proper use of electronic evidence and preventing abuse of procedural powers in this process.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of international public-private partnerships in the field of higher education and, based on their careful study, to propose appropriate areas for improving domestic legislation. Multinational companies, high population mobility, and the problem of refugees' professional realization contribute to the constant search for interstate cooperation on education. In such conditions, quality education, increasing the competitiveness of higher education at the international level, development of innovations in the field of education and science in Ukraine, constructive cooperation and effective interaction of participants in the educational process are the requirements of our time to achieve a high level of efficiency of educational activities through innovation. The complex of these aspects determines the relevance of the topic. Such methods as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and the logical and legal method were used in the article. The author's definition of the concept of "international public-private partnership in the field of higher education" was proposed within the framework of the study. The key features of this scientific category were highlighted. The key problems that prevent the normal functioning of international public-private partnership in the field of higher education were outlined, on the basis of which the author's vision of ways to solve the last problems was proposed. The study presents the author's approach to a comprehensive understanding of the features of international public-private partnership in the field of higher education and the ways of its improvement at the level of domestic legislation, which can be used in the course of further comprehension of the issues under study.