Ontario Science Centre

By reducing all the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the transistor, the electric charge density increases in different areas of the nano-transistor, or in other words, the number of electric charges per unit area of the nanotransistor increases. First, with the increase in electric charge density, the possibility of electric charge discharge from the insulating areas of the transistor increases, and this causes damage to the transistor and its failure. This event is similar to the discharge of excess electrical charge between the cloud and the ground in the phenomenon of lightning, which causes the ionization of air molecules into negative and positive ions. Secondly , with the increase of the electric charge density, the electrons may leave the range of the radius of one atom and enter the range of the neighboring atom's radius under the influence of repulsive or abduction forces, which have now increased in value. This is called tunneling in quantum physics. Electron tunneling from one atom to the adjacent atom is a phenomenon that happens a lot between electrons in small dimensions. This phenomenon is the basis of the work of some electronic components and some nanoscopes. But in nanotransistor, this phenomenon is not a useful phenomenon, because electron tunneling from one atom to the adjacent atom may continue and cause an electric current. Minimizing transistors and entering dimensions below 100 nanometers in the performance range of nanoelectronics technology, although it has many advantages, but it faces various challenges.

the number of electric charges per unit area of the nano-transistor increases. This event has two negative consequences: First, with the increase in electric charge density, the possibility of electric charge discharge from the insulating areas of the transistor increases, and this event causes damage to the transistor and its failure. This event is similar to the discharge of excess electrical charge between the cloud and the ground in the phenomenon of lightning, which causes the ionization of air molecules into negative and positive ions. Secondly , with the increase of the electric charge density, the electrons may leave the range of the radius of one atom and enter the range of the neighboring atom's radius under the influence of repulsive or abduction forces, which have now increased in value. This is called tunneling in quantum physics. Electron tunneling from one atom to the adjacent atom is a phenomenon that happens a lot between electrons in small dimensions. This phenomenon is the basis of the work of some electronic components and some nanoscopes. But in nanotransistor, this phenomenon is not a useful phenomenon, because electron tunneling from one atom to the adjacent atom may continue and cause an electric current. Although this electric current may be very small, but

An internal wave is a propagating disturbance within a stable density-stratified fluid. The internal seiche amplitude is often estimated through theories that describe the amplitude growth based on the Bulk Richardson number (Ri). However, most theoretical formulations neglect secondary effects that may influence the evolution of internal seiches. Since these waves have been pointed out as the most important process of vertical mixing, influencing the biogeochemical fluxes in stratified basins, the wrong estimation may have several impacts on the prediction of the system dynamics. This research paid particular attention to the importance of secondary effects that may play a major role on the basin-scale internal wave amplitude, especially related to the interaction between internal waves and lake boundaries, internal wave depth, and mixing processes due to turbulence. Based on a set of methods, which include auto- and cross-correlations, spectral analysis, and mathematical models, we analyzed the effect of total water depth, wind-resonance, and higher vertical modes on the amplitude growth. We based our analysis on underwater temperature measurements and meteorological data obtained from two small thermally-stratified basins, complemented with numerical simulations. We introduce here a new parametrization which takes into account the total water depth (H), lake length (L), epilimnion thickness ( $$h_e$$ ), as well as the resonance effect. We observed that the rate of amplitude growth decreases compared to linear theory when $$Ri~h_e/L\le 1$$ . In these cases, we suggests that previous theories overestimate the internal seiche amplitude, neglecting the instabilities generated near the wave crest due to weak stability and wave interactions. However, under shallow thermocline conditions, due to extra pressure in the upper layer, the vertical displacement may be higher than that predicted by the linear theory.

In this work, we develop and test proxy-based diagnostic tools for comparing freshwater ecosystem services (FWES) risks across an international array of freshwater ecosystems. FWES threats are increasing rapidly under pressure from population, climate change, pollution, land use change, and other factors. We identified spatially explicit FWES threats estimates (referred to as threat benchmarks) and extracted watershed-specific values for an array of aquatic ecosystems in the Western Hemisphere (Ramsar sites). We compared these benchmark values to values extracted for sites associated with an international FWES threat investigation. The resulting benchmark threats appeared to provide a meaningful context for the diagnostic assessment of study site selection by revealing gaps in coverage of the underlying socio-environmental problem. In an effort to simplify the method, we tested regularly updated environmental and socioeconomic metrics as potential proxies for the benchmark threats using regression analysis. Three category proxies, aggregated from (i) external (global to regional, climate-related), (ii) internal (watershed management-related), and (iii) socioeconomic and governance related proxies produced strong relationships with water supply threat benchmarks, but only weak relationships with biodiversity-related and nutrient regulation benchmark threats. Our results demonstrate the utility of advancing global FWES status and threat benchmarks for organizing coordinated research efforts and prioritizing decisions with regard to international socio-environmental problems.

This project joined elementary, secondary, and postsecondary students with a textile museum, community cultural centre, and provincial science centre to collaborate on textile design and printing, as well as garment design, creation, and exhibition. While the design process centered on the concept of the magic square, each contribution was independent and progressive, and handed off to the next group like a baton in a relay race.

G. Evelyn Hutchinson proposed that external control by climate limits the fundamental productivity and the possible diversity of ecological communities. These climatic drivers are currently changing as a result of human activity, which may herald a shift in the influence of climate on global ecosystems. Long-term records reveal a reduction in ice cover on northern lakes over the last several centuries. Hence, we explore whether inter-annual climatic variability, represented by ice cover, influences the productivity and diversity of zooplankton communities in long-term datasets for five lakes in Northern Wisconsin. We used a multilevel modeling approach to test three predictions: (1) density will increase, (2) diversity will increase, and (3) community composition will be altered. We found an inverse relationship between ice-off date and annual zooplankton density. Daphnia density, for example, was inversely related to ice-off date, with 10-fold variability across the gradient of ice-off dates in Northern Wisconsin. In contrast, we did not observe a consistent shift in diversity or community structure. Thus, from ice cover records of northern lakes we found support for Hutchinson’s idea that external climatic forces may regulate aquatic productivity; however, the response was numeric and we did not find evidence that lakes moved closer to maximum diversity on an inter-annual scale.

The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, in publication since 1973, covers significant developments in all areas of earth and planetary sciences, from climate, environment, and geological hazards to the formation of planets and the evolution of life.