Ormylia Foundation

El objetivo de este artículo es la caracterización de las manifestaciones lexicales y gramaticales de la corporalidad en las lenguas arawak. Consideramos que la noción de corporalidad en estas lenguas es central por la expresión de la persona y de la pacientividad; en otras palabras, un estado o calidad que tiene las características típicas del paciente. Este artículo empieza con una reflexión lexical sobre la cuestión de inalienabilidad de las partes del cuerpo, su nomenclatura –especialmente sobre la creación lexical– y la fuente de las emociones, como la palabra terena okóvo "guata" pero también "alma", o el wayuu -a’ain "corazón, alma" o el tariana -kale "corazón, mente, fuerza vital, alma, soplo". Estos ejemplos muestran que el cuerpo es el centro de sensaciones físicas, fisiológicas y hasta psicológicas. Las evidencias de esta afirmación aparecen a través de construcciones específicas para verbos estativos, como la oposición entre marcado del sujeto y marcado del objeto, o la existencia del marcado diferencial del sujeto. Estas diferentes construcciones permiten al hablante expresar especificaciones y sutilidades sobre las sensaciones ya mencionadas.

The ultra-low NOx emission limits for heavy and mid-duty vehicles, which are expected to be imposed in both Europe and the USA by 2027, together with the enforcement of continuous decrease in CO2 emission levels, make the need for adoption of newer technologies in the automotive industry imperative. To achieve low tailpipe NOx emissions, the accelerated warm-up of the exhaust aftertreatment system is of great importance. On the other hand, the thermal management strategies applied for this purpose result in fuel consumption penalty and consequently higher CO2 as it can be widely found in the literature. Thus, the use and optimization of advanced thermal management technologies is critical to decrease the NOx– fuel penalty trade-off on the basis of complete driving cycles. In the present work an integrated modeled-based approach is implemented by coupling advanced, predictive 1D engine, and aftertreatment simulation models which are extensively validated via dedicated experimental data. The main goal of this approach is to define and investigate multiple engine or aftertreatment-based thermal management technologies, as well as a combination of them, creating a more efficient warm-up mode for the engine. Thermal measures such as cylinder deactivation, retarded start of the main injection, late intake valve closing (Miller cycle), intake throttling, elevated idle speed, and secondary fuel injection upstream the DOC are evaluated for their effect on the exhaust system heat-up time, the fuel consumption penalty and more importantly, for their impact on the tailpipe NOx emissions calculated by this holistic simulation approach.

The study of the art objects' paint layers stratigraphy is crucial for their documentation, since it provides important information related to the painting technique and also the previous restoration attempts, if any. Simultaneously, nondestructive evaluation of the cultural heritage objects is crucial, given the fact that cultural heritage objects cannot be subjected to sampling, due to their value and fragility. The use of ultrasonic µtomography/tomography can reveal the stratigraphy of the wall paintings and is utilized to this end in this work.

The preservation of the Athenian Acropolis monuments constitutes an ongoing top-priority national project of global significance and impact. The project concerning the analytical investigation of the polychromy of the Acropolis monuments presented in this paper was part of the Acropolis Restoration Service (YSMA) program (2011–2015), regarding the restoration of the two corners of the west entablature of the Parthenon, which exhibited severe static damage, and a parallel restoration program of the Propylaea. The scope of this research was to investigate the materials in the paint decoration remains on the monuments by applying, entirely in situ, numerous non-invasive techniques on selected architectural members of the Parthenon and the Propylaea. The research focused, mainly, on surfaces where traces of colour or decoration patterns were visible to the naked eye. Furthermore, surfaces that are referred to in the literature as decorated but that are currently covered with weathering crusts (of white or black colour) and/or layers of patina (of yellowish and orange-brown hue), were also examined. The techniques applied in situ on the Acropolis monuments were X-ray fluorescence, micro-Raman, and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques, conducted with the use of handheld or portable instruments. The scientific data gathered in situ are discussed in this paper to enhance our knowledge of the architectural polychromy of the classical period. Further investigation by applying analytical techniques on a few selected micro-samples would be highly complementary to this present work.

Time-response thermography after the application of a mild cold shock is considered a valuable diagnostic tool for breast tumor identification. The concept of this work is to estimate the depth of a malignant tumor based on the time-varying thermographic images after the applied cold shock. Specifically, the heat diffusion model is considered and a thorough numerical analysis reveals the significant temperature variation dependence to a malignant tumor existence. Then, the time-varying curves are approximated utilizing the powerful generalized pencil-of-function method, which leads to the robust extraction of the thermal time constant. The sensitivity of the latter is exceptional considering the detection of the tumor, while the deviation from the peak value provides a strong indication in terms of the tumor’s depth.

To meet the upcoming CO2 reduction challenges, the further electrification of vehicle powertrains is indispensable. In combination with the post-Euro 6 requirements for criteria pollutants, the exhaust system is expected to be more complex to allow for extremely low emissions under all driving conditions, potentially involving technologies such as electrical heating and phase-change materials. The longer ‘zero-flow’ operation of the exhaust system in hybrid applications and the associated light-out risk have demanding accuracy requirements for heat loss calculations and require additional thermal management strategies. This paper discusses the additional challenges posed with regard to catalyst modeling in the boundary conditions of electrified vehicles and the necessary improvements that go beyond the state-of-the-art techniques. Most of the necessary improvements are linked to advanced 3D modeling of the exhaust system components accounting for free convection and radiative heat transfer. Modeling of electrically assisted heating is demonstrated using a new approach involving a combined 3D electrical–thermal solver. Heat retention technologies with use of phase-change materials are also accounted for in these new-generation models. Finally, the need for a tighter integration of these high-fidelity models into a vehicle simulation framework is discussed.