PHI

Abstract Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) provide the majority of hands-on care in nursing homes, and adequate CNA staffing is associated with better resident and staff outcomes. However, low wages and overall poor job quality make adequate CNA staffing particularly challenging. There is evidence that nursing homes have increased reliance on contract staffing to fill staffing shortages, though the full scope of this trend for CNAs remains unclear and the impacts on care quality are still unknown. This study addresses this gap by examining staffing levels and patterns for fully employed versus contract CNAs in nursing homes over the past five years and assessing how these staffing trends are associated with quality outcomes for nursing home residents. Specifically, this session will present analysis of data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Payroll-Based Journal daily nurse staffing files, CMS nursing homes data archive, LTCFocus data, community transmission of COVID-19 data, and unemployment data to demonstrate how staffing patterns among fully employed versus contract CNAs varied from 2017 to 2022 according to facility-level characteristics, local market conditions, and pandemic-related factors. We also examine how CNA staffing levels and patterns affected care quality for nursing home residents. These findings will be presented with policy and practice recommendations for strengthening and stabilizing CNA nursing home staffing.

Der vorliegende Beitrag bezieht sich auf die Frage zu den psychologischen Abwehrmechanismen, durch die fast alle Menschen ihr Verhalten den anderen gegenüber rechtfertigen und die in vielen literarischen Werken mit einem bestimmten Motiv in Erscheinung treten. Am Beispiel wird der Protagonist Grenouille in Patrick Süskinds Roman „Das Parfum“ behandelt und auf die verwendeten Abwehrmechanismen, die literarisch dargestellt werden, weitgehend eingegangen. Aus alldem ergibt sich, dass es eine Analogie zwischen allen psychoanalytischen Deutungen, die sich vor allem auf Psychoanalyse bezieht, und der Literaturdeutung besteht, da die letzte im Grunde die folgenden Aspekte jeweils zu berücksichtigen und zu gewichten hat. Die Psychoanalyse betrachtet das literarische Werk in erster Linie als psychisches Produkt eines Individuums in einer bestimmten gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Situation, ein Produkt, das sich als Kompromissbildung aus Fantasie und Abwehr erweist.

Detection of differential item functioning (DIF) is most often done between two groups of examinees under item response theory. It is sometimes important, however, to determine whether DIF is present in more than two groups. In this article we present a method for detection of DIF in multiple groups. The method is closely related to Lard's chi‐square for comparing vectors of item parameters estimated in two groups. An example using real data is provided.