PaneraTech (United States)

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have intensified environmental pollution, including persistent organic contaminants and toxic metals that threaten ecosystems and human health. Green‐synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining attention for their lower‐hazard reagents, reduced energy inputs, and competitive performance relative to conventional routes. This review consolidates current green synthesis strategies for TiO 2 NPs and the accompanying structure–property relationships derived from standard characterization (e.g., XRD, TEM, DLS, FTIR, UV–Vis, and BET). Applications are surveyed across three domains: (i) environmental remediation, highlighting photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical residues and dyes in water and the adsorption/photocatalytic removal of heavy‐metal ions; (ii) pharmaceuticals, where TiO 2 NPs act as formulation components or nanocarriers that modulate stability, release, and targeting of active ingredients; and (iii) medicine, encompassing antimicrobial surface coatings, wound‐care and implant interfaces, imaging/theranostic platforms, and photoactivated antimicrobial/anticancer interventions. This review summarizes recent advances, performance benchmarks under realistic conditions (pH, ionic strength, and real effluents), and safety/regulatory considerations related to particle size, crystal phase, dopants, and surface modification. Finally, this review identifies key gaps in scalable green synthesis with tight batch control, standardized testing in complex matrices, and life‐cycle assessment and outlines research directions to enable reproducible, safe, and application‐ready TiO 2 nanotechnology.

Abstract In previous water quality modeling studies in Chesapeake Bay, the severity of summer hypoxia tended to be underestimated in the mid-lower Bay area. The underlying reason has not been well understood. In this study, we test a new hypothesis with respect to the estuary–ocean exchange. This hypothesis was motivated by observed high levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) near the Bay mouth that, if transported into the Bay, could potentially draw down the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the mid-lower Bay through the microbial respiration of DOC. Using a high-resolution 3D water quality model that includes both the Bay and a portion of the coastal ocean, we provide evidence that supports this hypothesis and demonstrates the important connection between the Bay and the coastal ocean that entrains DOC into the mid-lower Bay during the summer hypoxic season, which leads to a more realistic representation of DO dynamics there. We also outline remaining research questions about the DOC reactivity and sources in the Chesapeake Bay that warrant further study.

Large language model (LLM)-based auto-graders, like Claude 3.5 Sonnet, show promise in educational technology. To test their capabilities, we conducted an experiment in which four researchers solved five mathematical programming problems in Python, ranging from easy to complex. The researchers received feedback from Claude, using a 22 -criteria rubric designed to evaluate the following key aspects of coding: “Correctness,” “Efficiency,” “Data Structure Usage,” “Code Readability,” and “Testing” before resubmitting their assignments. The mean score improvement of $\mathbf{1 7 . 5}$ points demonstrates that LLMs can improve code quality, with the highest percentage increases in time complexity $(\mathbf{+} \mathbf{2 5 . 4 5 \%})$, efficiency $(\mathbf{+ 2 2 . 5 9 \%})$, and edge case handling ($+22 \%$).

Alkylation Unit is a component of PT PI Unit, tasked with processing feedstocks similar to Spent Propane-Propylene from Polypropylene Unit and Residual Butane-Butylene from Polymerization Unit. The Alkylation Unit is used to produce products such as Light Alkilate, Refrigerant, LPG C-4, and by-products in the form of High Alkilate. Depropanizer Column 1-2 found in this component plays an important role in separating the propane-propylene mix from n-Butane and heavier components through pressurized distillation. Depropanizer Column feed comes from the overhead product of Desiobuthanizer Column 1-1, while 1-2 column is equipped with 40 valve trays. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the performance and efficiency of Depropanizer Column 1-2. The evaluation process was carried out with feed flow rate, temperature, column pressure, and hydrocarbon composition of 40.152 tons/day, 55.48oC, 17.38 kg/cm2, and from the laboratory, respectively. The theoretical number of trays and reflux ratio were 28 pieces and 10 at 69% efficiency. Optimization experiments were conducted to determine the optimal operating conditions to obtain the highest revenue for the top product. Based on trial and error experiments with Aspen Hysys Study Case, the result showed that the optimal conditions are achieved when the column conditions operated at reboiler temperature of 95oC and reflux flow of 90 tons/day to obtain a top product yield of 5.4592 tons/day with purity of 99.5% w/w.

Recent studies have shown that video games alter cognition in teenagers, but it is unknown how teen cognition changes in the short-term directly after playing video games. This study measured the differences in selective attention, processing speed, sustained attention, and cognitive flexibility of video-game playing (VGP) adolescents at different time intervals after playing video games. Three different reasoning tests were used: the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), and the Stroop Task. A custom 250 question arithmetic test was also used, but was unable to uncover processing speed differences between VGPs after playing video games. All VGP participants in the study underwent reasoning tests before playing video games, played League of Legends (LoL)—known for its intensive use of spatial awareness, cognitive decision making, and working memory—for an hour, and then took reasoning tests once again at different times after having played LoL. This experiment affirms that video games create cognitive enhancement, though the experiment uncovered that VGP teens have worsened selective and sustained attention as time elapses after playing video games. Future research may want to extend the variable of time to test how video games affect attention or cognition by time in a longer term with a larger sample size.

Objective: To compare clinical and biochemical parameters in cases of early and late onset pre-ecclampsia and compare maternal and perinatal outcomes in both the study groups. Study design: This was a prospective observational study. All antenatal patients presenting in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecolocy, PGIMS, Rohtak with features of preeclampsia requiring admission were included and divided into 2 groups on the basis of period of gestation. All women were subjected to routine antenatal investigations and specific investigations pertaining to preeclampsia. The subjects were followed during their hospital stay and the maternal outcome and fetal outcome and biochemical were observed and compared in both the study groups. Results: A total of 120 patients were enrolled in the study and divided into 2 equal groups of 60 each. The early onset group had more severe preeclampsia at the time of admission in comparison to late onset group (p

Le site préhistorique de La Roche-Cotard (LRC) se trouve sur le versant de rive droite de la vallée de la Loire, un peu en amont de Langeais, en Indre-et-Loire. Le site a été rendu accessible grâce à un important prélèvement de matériaux en 1846. La grotte principale (LRC I) a été fouillée en 1912 : elle contenait une industrie du Paléolithique moyen et des tracés digitaux y ont été découverts en 1975 et validés en 2008. La reprise des fouilles sur le site à partir de 2008 (locus LRC IV très proche de LRC I) a permis de mettre en évidence une coupe puissante de 11 mètres comprenant 22 couches distinctes dont la partie inférieure comble un abri. La stratigraphie combine, de bas en haut, des apports karstiques de milieu souterrain, des sables fluviatiles et éoliens issus de la vallée de la Loire et gravitaires du versant. Des indices d’occupation anthropique (industrie lithique, os brûlés) attestent une occupation de cet espace. Les nombreuses datations des couches par radiocarbone et par OSL permettent de situer chronologiquement ce remplissage entre la limite des stades isotopiques marins 7 et 6 (couche 22 ‑ 169 ka) et la limite des stades 3 et 2 (couche 2 - 25 ka). Le locus a donné lieu à une étude pluridisciplinaire aussi complète que possible (sédimentologie et micromorphologie, faunes de petits et grands vertébrés, industrie lithique). Ces données apportent des précisions nouvelles sur l’évolution paléoenvironnementale de la région, mal connue dans cette fourchette de temps. La géométrie et l’âge des dépôts conduisent à l’hypothèse selon laquelle la grotte (LRC I) a été impénétrable par Homo sapiens au moins à partir du début du stade isotopique marin 3 (60 ka) et donc que les productions pariétales à caractère symbolique de la grotte sont très probablement à attribuer à l’homme de Néandertal.

Recent experiments on high-efficiency permeable conformal antennas have drawn attention to a long-standing misconception on the theory of the ferrite rod antenna family. Deriving in closed form the radiation efficiency of these antennas and using full-wave simulations, we show that their radiation efficiency is not necessarily reduced by the loss tangent of the permeable material. It is shown that the key material parameter controlling the radiation efficiency of these antennas is not the loss tangent but the maximum of the Heaviside magnetic conductivity, a quantity proportional to Snoek’s product. This yields the clear design rules for obtaining permeable antennas with maximized efficiency-bandwidth product (EBWP). Because the radiating currents of these antennas are the magnetic polarization currents in the material, they can be placed close to a metal ground plane or inside a low impedance medium without performance degradation while having an EBWP much higher than the metal-and-dielectric antennas having the same conformal volume, in spite of the presence of the magnetic loss. As an example, an antenna operating from HF to VHF can attain an EBWP 10 dB higher than the corresponding metal antenna. Similarly, using the Best–Yaghjian formalism, it is shown that these antennas are easier to match and can attain wider bandwidths than the equivalent conformal metal antennas.