Partek (United States)

A participação cidadã é um direito que dá a possibilidade de que qualquer pessoa possa participar nos negócios públicos da comunidade da qual faz parte, deve ser efetiva por meio de mecanismos aplicáveis, assimiláveis e mensuráveis em sua eficácia e não se reduzir a corporativismo e sistema clientelista que reflete e recria constantemente uma relação sócia estatal de favoritismo em que a opacidade é uma constante. Na vida política do Brasil, realizam-se as sessões abertas dos conselhos e as reuniões públicas dos conselhos municipais, bem como diversos desenhos institucionais que buscaram promover processos participativos locais na agenda de políticas públicas. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a atuação participativa dos cidadãos em Conselhos Municipais para elaborar e aplicar políticas públicas municipais. Quando a participação cidadã é um instrumento eficaz para a emancipação da sociedade, ao mesmo tempo, deixa de ser funcional para o Estado. Os conselhos municipais têm ganhado força nos últimos anos, por exemplo na criação de plano diretor para cidades. Por ser uma entidade abstrata, onde seus efeitos são percebidos no longo prazo, o Plano Diretor deve ser seguido por ações imediatas no curto prazo, levando em consideração as prioridades da cidade percebidas nos diagnósticos iniciais. Desta forma, as mudanças percebidas no período de curto prazo tornam visíveis os benefícios do processo participativo para a comunidade, garantindo sua credibilidade e aceitação pelos grupos envolvidos na sua preparação.

Unter den Generälen Napoleons waren es zwei, die deutsch klingende Namen trugen: Kellermann und Ney. Von letzterem ist bekannt, daß er als Sohn eines Böttchers im Elsaß geboren ist und die Eltern des Marschalls aus Wachendorf (Oberamt Horb) stammen. Beide Generäle haben gemeinsam, daß sie auf der Woge der Französischen Revolution rasch nach oben getragen wurden. Ein solch steiler Aufstieg im Soldatenleben ließ das Wort des Zeitgenossen Napoleon zur Wahrheit werden, daß jeder Soldat den Marschallstab im Tornister trage. Als 17jähriger war Kellermann 1752 in das französische Husarenregiment Löwenthal eingetreten, hatte mehrere Feldzüge im Siebenjährigen Krieg mitgemacht, 1788 hatte er bereits den Rang eines Generalmajors inne. Er schloß sich der Revolution an und bekam 1792 das Kommando über die Moselarmee. 1793 unter Robespierre in das Gefängnis geworfen, wurde er nach dessen Sturz 1794 zum Oberbefehlshaber der Alpenarmee ernannt. Die über ihn 1795 dem französischen Nationalkonvent vorgelegte Qualifikation lautete: "Ist alle Grade durchgegangen. Die Dienste, die er der Republik geleistet, sind bekannt genug!" 1797 wollte das Direktorium ihm den General Bonaparte, den nachmaligen Kaiser Napoleon L, als Mitfeldherrn des italienischen Feldzuges beiordnen. Dies wußte jedoch Bonaparte, der in Kellermann einen Konkurrenten seiner ehrgeizigen Pläne sah, zu hintertreiben. Seit dem italienischen Feldzug Napoleons nur noch im Innendienst

El artículo trata los diferentes efectos sociales de las nuevas formas de trabajo, anormales e irregulares en términos de duración, frecuencia, regularidad o localización. Considera los problemas metodológicos de determinar la organización social y su causalidad. Una tipología de trabajos atípicos se desarrolla y se compara con el trabajo regular. Las posibles consecuencias negativas para la vida social de la organización y de la familia incluyen una tendencia hacia la anomia social, amenazas a los derechos civiles y la desestabilización de la familia.

Este libro presenta los resultados del trabajo, donde se muestra el poder de la filosofía Lean Six Sigma en su implementación y en la adaptabilidad a cualquier proceso productivo. Igualmente, el libro muestra evidencia de cómo a partir de una buena descripción de un proceso se pueden encontrar las actividades innecesarias que generan sobrecostos, para ser analizadas en busca del impacto de estas sobre el sistema y finalmente construir alternativas que conlleven al mejoramiento de la productividad de la organización.

Spatially resolved transcriptomics encompasses a growing number of methods developed to enable gene expression profiling of individual cells within a tissue. Different technologies are available and they vary with respect to: the method used to define regions of interest, the method used to assess gene expression, and resolution. Since techniques based on next-generation sequencing are the most prevalent, and provide single-cell resolution, many bioinformatics tools for spatially resolved data are shared with single-cell RNA-seq. The analysis pipelines diverge at the level of quantification matrix, downstream of which spatial techniques require specific tools to answer key biological questions. Those questions include: (i) cell type classification; (ii) detection of genes with specific spatial distribution; (iii) identification of novel tissue regions based on gene expression patterns; (iv) cell-cell interactions. On the other hand, analysis of spatially resolved data is burdened by several specific challenges. Defining regions of interest, e.g. neoplastic tissue, often calls for manual annotation of images, which then poses a bottleneck in the pipeline. Another specific issue is the third spatial dimension and the need to expand the analysis beyond a single slice. Despite the problems, it can be predicted that the popularity of spatial techniques will keep growing until they replace single-cell assays (which will remain limited to specific cases, like blood). As soon as the computational protocol reach the maturity (e.g. bulk RNA-seq), one can foresee the expansion of spatial techniques beyond basic or translational research, even into routine medical diagnostics.

Se exploran dos textos del último tercio del siglo XX, a saber, Viaje a Ixtlán. Las lecciones de don Juan (1972) de Carlos Castaneda y Psicomagia. Una terapia pánica (1995) de Alejandro Jodorowsky, cuya temática es el uso especializado de energía o «magia» como acto performativo de varias dimensiones: poético, teatral y onírico. Mediante el trazado de líneas comparativas, se presenta un análisis contrastivo de naturaleza antropológica–literaria de formas testimoniales–poéticas del discurso (bajo la forma de diario y entrevista), que pone de relieve el «decir» en tanto manifestación de «haceres». Se recurre al estudio de técnicas narratológicas contemporáneas, tales como la narración autobiográfica y la auto–narración disonante (Cohn, 1978) a fin de distinguir entre «sentir» e «intelectualizar». Se concluye que ambos textos cumplen una función conativa de propósitos didácticos con alcances éticos importantes en lo tocante a la responsabilidad que conllevan el desaprender y la toma de decisiones.

Gastric cancer is the most common cancer in Asia and most developing countries. Despite the use of multimodality therapeutics, it remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the world. To identify the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer in the Asian population, we applied an RNA-sequencing approach to gastric tumor and noncancerous specimens, generating 680 million informative short reads to quantitatively characterize the entire transcriptome of gastric cancer (including mRNAs and miRNAs). A multilayer analysis was then developed to identify multiple types of transcriptional aberrations associated with different stages of gastric cancer, including differentially expressed mRNAs, recurrent somatic mutations, and key differentially expressed miRNAs. Through this approach, we identified the central metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α as a potential functional target in Asian gastric cancer. Furthermore, we experimentally showed the translational relevance of this gene as a potential therapeutic target for early-stage gastric cancer in Asian patients. Together, our findings not only provide a valuable information resource for identifying and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Asian gastric cancer, but also represent a general integrative framework to develop more effective therapeutic targets.

A set of Centre d'Étude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) cell lines serves as a large reference collection that has been widely used as a benchmark for allele frequencies in the analysis of genetic variants, to create linkage maps of the human genome, to study the genetics of gene expression, to provide samples to the HapMap and 1000 Genomes projects, and for a variety of other applications. An explicit feature of the CEPH collection is that these multigenerational families represent reference panels of known relatedness, consisting mostly of three-generation pedigrees with large sibships, two parents, and grandparents. We applied identity-by-state (IBS) and identity-by-descent (IBD) methods to high-density genotype data from 186 CEPH individuals in 13 families. We identified unexpected relatedness between nominally unrelated grandparents both within and between pedigrees. For one pair, the estimated Cotterman coefficient of relatedness k1 exceeded 0.2, consistent with one-eighth sharing (eg, first-cousins). Unexpectedly, significant IBD2 values were discovered in both second-degree and parent-child relationships. These were accompanied by regions of homozygosity in the offspring, which corresponded to blocks lacking IBS0 in purportedly unrelated parents, consistent with inbreeding. Our findings support and extend a 1999 report, based on the use of short tandem-repeat polymorphisms, that several CEPH families had regions of homozygosity consistent with autozygosity. We benchmarked our IBD approach (called kcoeff) against both RELPAIR and PREST software packages. Our findings may affect the interpretation of previous studies and the design of future studies that rely on the CEPH resource.

It is an assumption of large, population-based datasets that samples are annotated accurately whether they correspond to known relationships or unrelated individuals. These annotations are key for a broad range of genetics applications. While many methods are available to assess relatedness that involve estimates of identity-by-descent (IBD) and/or identity-by-state (IBS) allele-sharing proportions, we developed a novel approach that estimates IBD0, 1, and 2 based on observed IBS within windows. When combined with genome-wide IBS information, it provides an intuitive and practical graphical approach with the capacity to analyze datasets with thousands of samples without prior information about relatedness between individuals or haplotypes. We applied the method to a commonly used Human Variation Panel consisting of 400 nominally unrelated individuals. Surprisingly, we identified identical, parent-child, and full-sibling relationships and reconstructed pedigrees. In two instances non-sibling pairs of individuals in these pedigrees had unexpected IBD2 levels, as well as multiple regions of homozygosity, implying inbreeding. This combined method allowed us to distinguish related individuals from those having atypical heterozygosity rates and determine which individuals were outliers with respect to their designated population. Additionally, it becomes increasingly difficult to identify distant relatedness using genome-wide IBS methods alone. However, our IBD method further identified distant relatedness between individuals within populations, supported by the presence of megabase-scale regions lacking IBS0 across individual chromosomes. We benchmarked our approach against the hidden Markov model of a leading software package (PLINK), showing improved calling of distantly related individuals, and we validated it using a known pedigree from a clinical study. The application of this approach could improve genome-wide association, linkage, heterozygosity, and other population genomics studies that rely on SNP genotype data.