Patrimonio Nacional

Summary Literary sources provide limited information on specific developments during the civil wars of the late Roman Republic, including the Sertorian War. This study describes the attack on the Vascon settlement of Irulegi (Aranguren valley, Navarre), in northern Spain, within the context of this conflict, using the methodological and theoretical frameworks of conflict archaeology. In doing so, it seeks to demonstrate that Roman cultural influences were operating during this period and that the Vascones were involved in the conflict. Although it remains uncertain which side the defenders supported, the available evidence suggests that the attack occurred between 76 and 72 BC and that the Vascones of Irulegi may have supported Sertorius.

La Localidad Arqueológica La María (Meseta Central de Santa Cruz, Argentina) cuenta con numerosos sitios con arte rupestre. Cerca de ellos hay potenciales fuentes de materias primas útiles para la producción de las pinturas. Al respecto, el objetivo del trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de la base regional de recursos minerales, haciendo foco en los pigmentos. Realizamos un relevamiento de las fuentes identificadas en la localidad, describimos las características macroscópicas del material y evaluamos su utilidad como pigmento. Asimismo, realizamos sobre ellas, y sobre pigmentos recuperados de sitios arqueológicos, estudios composicionales mediante Espectroscopia infrarroja con transformada de Fourier, análisis dispersivo en energía asociado a microscopía electrónica de barrido y difracción de rayos X. Los resultados permiten obtener un panorama inicial de las características de las fuentes y los pigmentos disponibles, así como generar expectativas arqueológicas y discutir aspectos vinculados a su posible aprovisionamiento y uso, contemplando información experimental, etnohistórica y etnográfica.

This paper illustrates an integral investigation of the coastal tower of San Giovanni in Ugento (Lecce, Italy) which, erected in 1565, is the only octagonal plan structure in the entire Spanish Viceroyalty. Its current appearance is the result of various interventions, following which from a watchtower it first became a customs barracks and in 1932 the current lighthouse of San Giovanni. In order to study its sixteenth-century appearance, in addition to a historical/archival study, an instrumental survey campaign was also carried out through the combined use of laser scanners and digital photogrammetry, fundamental for the technical/structural analysis of the property and the diachronic reading of the individual construction phases. The acquired data, many of which unpublished, allowed us to understand the original architectural form of the tower and to develop an accurate three-dimensional reconstruction of the same.

El inventario de cine industrial fue desarrollado en 2024 como parte de las acciones del Plan Nacional de Patrimonio Industrial (coordinado por el Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España) y el Centro de Conservación y Restauración Carlos Saura. Este proyecto tiene como finalidad identificar, documentar, preservar y difundir el cine industrial, entendido como aquel corpus audiovisual que refleja la actividad productiva, los procesos técnicos, los entornos laborales y el patrimonio material e inmaterial asociado al desarrollo industrial en España. La iniciativa parte de la necesidad de visibilizar un tipo de cine históricamente marginal en los circuitos de exhibición y estudio, pero de gran valor documental y patrimonial. El inventario se basa en la consolidación de una base de datos especializada, elaborada a partir de recursos previos como el Inventario del Cine Español Conservado, e integrada mediante herramientas como Axiell y Absysnet. El proceso incluyó el cruce de registros, revisión de materiales, visionado en moviolas y mesas bobinadoras, y una rigurosa depuración de metadatos conforme a estándares internacionales. El cine industrial constituye una fuente visual excepcional para el estudio de la evolución económica y social del país, desde los primeros registros de fábricas y maquinaria hasta producciones más complejas que integran aspectos artísticos, técnicos y humanos. A través de este inventario, se protege un legado audiovisual valioso que contribuye activamente a la construcción de la memoria histórica, la identidad cultural y el fortalecimiento del patrimonio industrial español.

La estación Hermanos Clark fue una de las estaciones más representativas del ferrocarril trasandino, simboliza la lucha del hombre por sobreponerse a la naturaleza, una muestra de su ingenio para construir un ferrocarril en altura y el tesón de sus trabajadores para mantenerla operativa ante condiciones climáticas adversas. Hoy, la estación se encuentra en completo abandono, pero conserva aún imponentes vestigios que guardan un enorme valor patrimonial. Ante un eventual riesgo de desaparecer, esta investigación busca poner en valor la estación con el registro de su patrimonio cultural material e inmaterial, utilizando como herramienta analítica el concepto de Paisaje Cultural, que permite entender la interacción entre la naturaleza, la tecnología y el hombre.

The mural painting Glorification of the Virgin at Palace of San Telmo (18th century, Seville, Spain) has been analyzed through 161 optical spectra acquired using fiber optic VIS-NIR reflectance spectroscopy, encompassing all the colors present in the painting. In addition, 13 samples were taken from representative areas and analyzed by optical and electronic imaging. These analyses have identified the painting materials and techniques and provide information about the color generation processes through the interaction between different pictorial layers. The color alterations suffered by the painting have been quantified through a mathematical model which yields the original color and attributes. The results find a general darkening and color shift more noticeable for cold colors, showing that the mathematical model is a reliable approach to color correction and supports the use of fiber optic VIS-NIR reflectance as a non-invasive technique for the characterization of cultural heritage. • Alteration of colors at the mural painting Glorification of the Virgen del Buen Aire chapel at San Telmo Palace is measured and modeled. • Reflectance VIS-NIS spectra (161) samples all the colors at the mural painting. A mathematical model that quantifies color alteration is proposed. • The results find a general darkening and color shift, showing that the mathematical model is a reliable approach to color correction and supports the use of fiber optic VIS-NIR reflectance as a non-invasive technique for the characterization of cultural heritage.

La Paleontología, como disciplina científica que interpreta la historia de la vida (Fernández-López, 2000; di Pasquo et al., 2007), revela que el origen de los mamíferos constituye uno de los ejemplos más notables de la adaptación evolutiva tras crisis bióticas recurrentes (Benedetto, 2018). Este trabajo tiene como objetivo general trazar el recorrido filogenético y cronológico de los mamíferos, desde sus precursores reptiles sinápsidos del Paleozoico Tardío hasta su radiación en el Cenozoico, identificando especies clave y extinciones que moldearon su diversidad actual. Utilizando la Paleontología Sistemática, la Tafonomía y los métodos biocronológicos, incluyendo la correlación de "edades de mamíferos" o SALMA (Cione & Tonni, 1985; Pascual et al., 1965), se determinó que los primeros mamíferos, como Morganucodon y Megazostrodon, emergieron discretamente de los cinodontes en el Triásico Superior (Rougier, 1996; Fernández-López, 2000), un fenómeno facilitado por la extinción masiva del Pérmico-Triásico (P/T), que eliminó al 90% de las especies (Erwin, 1996). Posteriormente, la Extinción Cretácico-Paleógeno (K/Pg) hace 66 Ma (Álvarez et al., 1980), que diezmó a los dinosaurios no avianos (Sánchez, 2009; Benton, 1993), actuó como un evento creativo (Stinnesbeck et al., 2014; Stigall et al., 2017; Barnosky et al., 2011; Stigall, 2012; Stigall Rode & Lieberman, 2004; Sepkoski, 1981; Sheehan, 2001; Raup & Sepkoski, 1982; Bond & Grasby, 2017; Bond & Wignall, 2014), al liberar nichos que permitieron la rápida radiación adaptativa de los mamíferos placentarios y marsupiales modernos durante los primeros 20 millones de años del Cenozoico (Valenzuela-Toro et al., 2025; Pascual, 1998; Bonaparte, 1990; Rougier, 1996; Pascual, 1996; Simpson, 1964; Cione et al., 2007; Vucetich et al., 2007).

This research paper presents a comparative study of selected private life insurance companies in India using the CARAMEL model. Tawheed B. (2016) The macro-level analysis of the performance of the Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) in India provides valuable insights into its operational efficiency and societal impact. The study focuses on HDFC Life Insurance, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance, SBI Life Insurance, and Max Life Insurance, representing a significant portion of the private life insurance market. The CARAMEL model, which encompasses Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Risk Management, Earnings, Market Perception, and Liquidity, serves as a comprehensive framework for evaluating the financial health and performance of these insurance companies. Trivedi S. (2016) The study on risk management tools and techniques in life insurance in India aims to provide valuable insights into developing effective tools for life insurers to analyze customer risks. This research endeavors to conduct a comparative study of three leading private life insurance companies in India: HDFC Life Insurance, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance, and SBI Life Insurance. The findings indicate that HDFC Life Insurance exhibits superior Capital Adequacy, positioning it favorably in terms of protecting policyholders and promoting financial system stability. Max Life Insurance demonstrates better Asset Quality, reflecting its strong financial health and risk management capabilities. All the selected companies show effective risk management practices, which contribute to their financial stability and resilience. SBI Life Insurance is a top performer in Management Soundness, Earnings and Profitability, and Liquidity ratios, highlighting its operational efficiency, profitability, and financial resilience. Madhuri T. and Rao N. (2020) has evaluated the financial performance of selected Indian life insurance companies using the CARAMEL model. Recommendations of the paper suggested LIC's capital position and underwriting expenses while urging private insurers to enhance liquidity for timely liability fulfillment. The study provides valuable insights for regulators, investors, and other stakeholders, supporting informed decision-making and promoting overall stability and sustainability in the insurance industry.

A frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar at 300 GHz mounted on a robotic arm has been used to image unrolled papyrus scrolls of the Hellenistic and early roman-imperial age, recovered from the ashes of the volcanic eruption of 79 AD which buried Herculaneum and Pompeii. After their discovery at the mid of the 18th century, most of the scrolls were unrolled and glued on paperboard, mounted in wooden frames and, subsequently, in metal frames. The conservation challenge requires to map the adhesion points to the paperboard before intervention. Using Principal Component Analysis applied to the THz radar waveform raster, we have classified most pixels into "adhering" or "not-adhering", also validating the classification with a ground truth experiment in one case. An explanation based on multiple scattering events of the PCA results is provided.