Pedagocial University Tyrol

Digitally delivered physical exercise interventions are becoming increasingly popular in addressing the obesity epidemic. However, there remains uncertainty on their efficacy regarding the reduction of body weight (BW) and body fat, which may, at least partly, be due to variations in study designs and inconsistent adherence to international physical activity (PA) guidelines. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of digital exercise interventions based on PA guidelines in reducing BW and fat in adults with overweight or obesity, as well as their impact on PA-related factors. This review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed in October 2024 across PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Ovid MEDLINE databases. Eligible studies included adults (aged ≥18 years) with objectively confirmed overweight or obesity who used digital interventions aligned with international PA guidelines. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (version 2) tool for randomized controlled trials and the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tool for nonrandomized studies. A random-effects meta-analysis with Hartung-Knapp adjustment was performed using R software. Out of 4948 studies identified, 188 (3.8%) were screened in full and 30 (0.6%) met the eligibility criteria. Intervention durations ranged from 8 weeks to 24 months (average 6.4, SD 5.5 months). Meta-analysis showed that guideline-based digital exercise interventions significantly reduced BW compared to controls (mean difference [MD]=-1.17 kg; P=.003; I2=0.0%), with subgroup analysis revealing greater effects in active (nondigital) controls (MD=-1.23 kg; I2=7.5%) compared to passive (waitlist) controls (MD=-0.52 kg; I2=0.0%). A significant reduction in BMI was observed (MD=-0.50 kg/m2; P=.003), although with substantial heterogeneity (I2=70.0%), and subgroup analysis showed greater effects compared to passive controls (MD=-0.70 kg/m2; I2=43.1%) rather than to active controls (MD=-0.45 kg/m2; I2=74.5%). No significant effect was observed for body fat percentage overall (MD=-0.08%; P=.84; I2=7.4%). Qualitative analysis (including findings from noncomparative studies) showed that guideline-based digital exercise interventions led to significant reductions in BW (22/25, 88% studies; range -1.3 to -8.4 kg); BMI (19/23, 83% of studies; range -0.4 to -3.4 kg/m2); waist circumference (15/16, 94% of studies; range -2.1 to -9.2 cm), body fat percentage (9/9, 100% of studies; range -0.3% to -4.1%); and fat mass (7/7, 100% of studies; range -0.4 to -6.5 kg), while findings for waist-to-hip ratio and PA outcomes were inconsistent. Guideline-based digital PA and exercise interventions show potential in reducing excess BW in adults with overweight or obesity, with stronger effects when compared to nondigital interventions. However, their superiority over traditional methods is uncertain for BMI and body composition. Substantial variations in study designs present challenges in drawing definitive conclusions on specific characteristics of effective digital exercise tools. PROSPERO CRD42024620020; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024620020.

Current work environments, driven by globalization, demographic changes, and digitalization, demand substantial adaptation, which leads to decreased employee well-being. While occupational psychology research has identified supportive mechanisms, it often lacks a deepened understanding of how interventions function. This study aims to analyze the impacts of VUCA contexts and leadership behavior on job crafting, focusing on white-collar workers. Our objective is to identify workplace configurations that safeguard employee health in dynamic settings. Utilizing the JD-R model augmented by job crafting as a theoretical framework, we conducted qualitative comparative case studies using the GABEK® methodology to analyze and systematize data. This approach captures complex organizational interrelationships through sentence analysis, transforming subjective meanings into a comprehensive network and providing deeper insights into organizational dynamics. Research findings reveal that evolving work demands, notably from digital transformations, impact knowledge management, communication, and employee well-being. IT discrepancies and communication deficits intensify work complexity, underscoring the need for enhanced management frameworks. Proactive and adaptive leadership, along with job crafting, is crucial for protecting health and enhancing performance in fast-paced digital environments. These strategies promote structured decision-making and efficient knowledge management, fostering a resource-oriented culture that enhances employee well-being and overall effectiveness.

Seit 2012 spielt Teamteaching in den Hauptfächern an österreichischen Mittelschulen eine zentrale Rolle. An dieses Konzept werden insbesondere hohe Erwartungen hinsichtlich der Verbesserung des Unterrichts in heterogenen Lerngruppen geknüpft. Aus einer schulorganisatorischen Perspektive wird in der Literatur häufig auf die Schulleitung und ihr Handeln für die Implementierung und Umsetzung erfolgreicher Teamteaching-Settings verwiesen. Im Hinblick darauf untersucht dieser Beitrag die Frage, wie Schulleiter:innen ihre Rolle bei der Umsetzung von Teamteaching an ihren Schulen wahrnehmen und welche Gelingensbedingungen sie für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung sehen. Zur Beantwortung wurde eine qualitative Interviewstudie mit sieben Schulleiter:innen durchgeführt, die mittels strukturierender Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unter anderem, dass die befragten Schulleitungen ihre Rolle vor allem als Organisator:in und Konfliktlöser:in und weniger als (Mit-)Gestalter:in sehen. Die Auswahl geeigneter Tandems und die Bereitstellung ausreichender zeitlicher Ressourcen für die Planung und Organisation von Teamteaching sind für sie zentrale Erfolgsfaktoren. Darüber hinaus wird deutlich, dass eine systematische Einbindung von Teamteaching in die Schulentwicklungsplanung und eine stärkere Orientierung der Schulleitung an pädagogischen Innovationsprozessen zu einer nachhaltigen Verbesserung der Unterrichtsqualität beitragen kann. Dies setzt voraus, dass Teamteaching nicht nur als organisatorisches Element, sondern als strategisches Instrument der Schulentwicklung verstanden wird, das eng mit übergeordneten Zielen der Schulqualität und der Lehrer:innenentwicklung verknüpft ist. Die Studie zeigt damit das Potenzial einer stärkeren Fokussierung auf Teamteaching im Rahmen umfassenderer Schulentwicklungsprozesse, die über die reine Organisation hinausgehen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung werden abschließend Implikationen für die Weiterentwicklung von Teamteachingsettings sowohl aus Sicht der Schulleitung als auch aus Sicht der Lehrer:innenbildung und ihrer auf Kooperation ausgerichteten professionstheoretischen Elemente diskutiert.

Many of today's recreational runners have changed their diet from omnivorous to vegetarian or vegan for reasons like better sport performance, animal ethics, positive health, eco-aspects, or male infertility. Others have constructed the flexitarian diet due to current trends in sustainable eating. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the dietary habits and race day strategies of recreational endurance runners following current sustainable dietary trends. Recreational endurance runners (18+ years) were invited to complete the standardized online survey on socio-demography/anthropometry, motivations, running/racing history, food frequency, and race day dietary strategy. Chi-squared tests and Wilcoxon tests were used for the statistical analysis. In total, 289 participants submitted the survey; 146 subjects following flexitarian (n = 34), vegetarian (n = 50), or vegan (n = 62) diets were included in the final sample. Significant differences were found across the diet types: BMI (p = 0.018), fruit/vegetable consumption (p < 0.001), and the dietary motive of performance (p = 0.045). The findings suggest that the flexitarian diet may be appropriate for health- and environmentally conscious populations living in a meat-centered society and lacking social support to eat completely vegetarian/vegan. Following a plant-based diet is perceived as easy for health-conscious, athletic populations, and the vegan diet does not require a particularly effortful/complex race day strategy for endurance runners.

Die Autor*innen suchen nach Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden perspektivenspezifischer kognitiver Interessen und Werkzeugen und entwickeln daraus ein Modell des wissenschaftlichen Denkens im Sachunterricht. (DIPF/Orig.)

• Identify the differences between the definitions of who is a bilingual and understand the impact of this discrepancy and the consequent need for uniformity of research on bilingualism.

BackgroundThere is a strong association between lifestyle behavior and health status. While young adulthood is a critical period for adopting and stabilizing lifelong healthy behavior, university life is independently associated with psychological stressors that may further affect health and well-being.ObjectiveThe present multidisciplinary study aimed to examine the health behavior of Austrian college and university students, differentiated based on diet types (vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous) and physical activity (PA) habits.MethodsFollowing a cross-sectional study design, a total number of 6,148 students (65.3% females; 66.1% bachelor students, 67.0% from urban areas; mean age: 24.8 years) from 52 Austrian college/universities participated in an online survey and provided data on sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, PA habits, and other lifestyle behavior characteristics, including alcohol intake and smoking.ResultsAcross the total sample, 74.0% had a normal weight (BMI = 18.5–25.0 kg/m2), while the prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) was lower in females than males and more in rural than urban students (p < 0.01). The general prevalence of vegetarian and vegan diets was 22.8 and 6.0%, respectively, with a predominance of females, graduates, and urban students compared to their peers (p < 0.01). The majority of students (79.3%) had a regular engagement in sport/exercise, with a predominance of vegetarian or vegan students compared to omnivores (p < 0.01). Vegans and vegetarians had a lower alcohol intake (p < 0.01) but no differences in smoking habits (p > 0.05) compared to omnivores. Students engaging in sport/exercise had a lower smoking rate and higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and fluids compared to inactive students (p < 0.01).ConclusionThe present findings suggest that diet type and PA habits of college/university students have an impact on other health behaviors, highlighting the interconnected nature of lifestyle habits and health behavior.

BackgroundThe association between lifestyle and health status highlights the importance of assessing health-related behavior in different populations. This multidisciplinary study aimed to examine the health behavior of academic staff of Austrian colleges and universities, with a specific focus on diet types (vegan, vegetarian, omnivorous) and physical activity (PA) reports.MethodsFollowing a cross-sectional study design incorporating an online survey, a sample of 1,041 academics from 52 institutes (mean age: 46.4 years) provided data on sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, PA behavior, and other lifestyle behaviors (smoking, alcohol intake, etc.).ResultsThe prevalence of vegetarian and vegan diets was 13.2 and 2.0%, respectively, and 33.2% of participants had excess body weight (BMI ≥ 25). The majority of participants (88.5%) reported regularly engaging in leisure-time PA, but 18.6% were active members of sports clubs. No difference between females and males was observed in diet type and the type of sport participation (p > 0.05). Participants with a mixed diet had a higher BMI than vegetarians and vegans (p < 0.05). Leisure-time PA participation was associated with more frequent fruit and vegetable intake (p < 0.05). The prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake was 13.1 and 73.5%, respectively, without any difference between dietary or sports participation subgroups (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe present study provides an overview of the social trends in vegan and vegetarian diets linked to health behaviors in tertiary educational settings. Findings can be used by health scientists, decision-makers, and multipliers in health and education to improve public health.

Physical Education (PE) teachers' professional and personal skills may not only affect the quality of the teaching-learning processes in PE, but also individuals' future active/inactive behaviors. The aim of this study is to examine the structure of a pool of items developed for measuring individuals' perception of such skills in PE teachers. Exploratory Factorial Analysis and a following structural modeling test on data collected from 660 participants suggest a two-factor structural model for the 10 items considered (χ2 = 191.155; df = 34; CFI = 0.953, and SRMR = 0.0529), with good internal consistency for both factors (factor 1: alpha = 0.879; omega = 0.878; factor 2: alpha = 0.850, and omega = 0.858) and the overall instrument (alpha = 0.892; omega = 0.895). The final "Teachers' Personal and Professional Skills Questionnaire" is a valid instrument that may be used alone or in combination with other instruments for the analysis of the quality of teaching-learning processes in PE environments and its impact on individuals' behaviors regarding physical activity in their adult life.