Peermade Development Society

Digital Public Infrastructures (DPIs) represent a fundamental transformation in state-citizen interactions, with India's Aadhaar biometric identification system and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) serving as paradigmatic examples. This paper examines the legal architecture governing these systems through the triadic framework of consent, accountability, and data sovereignty. The analysis reveals critical tensions between technological innovation and rights protection, particularly following the Supreme Court's 2018 Puttaswamy judgment and the enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), 2023. Through doctrinal analysis and comparative evaluation, this paper demonstrates that while India has constructed a sophisticated legal framework for DPIs, significant gaps persist in consent mechanisms, accountability structures, and sovereignty protection. The paper argues that the current legal regime, though progressive, requires strengthening through enhanced institutional oversight, clearer data localization mandates, and robust enforcement mechanisms. These findings contribute to understanding how emerging democracies can balance digital inclusion with fundamental rights protection in the era of data-driven governance.

Human activities such as mining, expanding industrial areas, application of fertilizers and pesticides on land, petrochemical spillages, etc. lead to an increase in the number of heavy metals in the soil, thereby causing soil contamination. Similar to air and water contamination, soil contamination also has a severe impact on the ecological balance. Iron, chromium, zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, and mercury are the major heavy metal pollutants found in the contaminated soil. The existence of these toxic metal traces in the soil prevents the biodegradation, leading to soil-plant-animal-human imbalance. Nowadays, various ex-situ and in-situ methods are adopted for removing these heavy metal traces from the ground. This paper discusses a cost-effective way of removing the contaminants such as zinc and copper by the usage of natural adsorbents and mulches. Soil column method is adopted for studying the permeability characteristics and adsorption capacity of various natural adsorbents such as RHA, SDA, CSA, Biochar, and Mulches such as straw and crumb rubber. Test results from the study indicate that these natural adsorbents, mulches and a combination of these are suitable in removing zinc and copper traces from the soil.

The iris is an externally visible, yet protected organ whose unique epigenetic pattern remains stable throughout adult life. These characteristics make it very attractive for use as a biometric for identifying individuals. Image processing techniques can be employed to extract the unique iris pattern from a digitized image of the eye, and encode it into a biometric template, which can be stored in a database. In this paper has been proposed the modified contour segmentation for iris image segmentation. This biometric template contains an objective mathematical representation of the unique information stored in the iris, and allows comparisons to be made between templates. When a subject wishes to be identified by iris recognition system, their eye is first photographed, and then a template, combination of contour, pattern matching and coding techniques are created for their iris region. This template is then compared with the other templates stored in a database until either a matching template is found and the subject is identified, or no match is found and the subject remains unidentified. An effective authentication method should have customer acceptance, reliable performance, scalability to accommodate growth, and interoperability with existing systems and future plans.

The increasing gap between design productivity and chip complexity, and emerging systems-on-a-chip (SoC) have led to the wide utilization of reusable intellectual property (IP) cores. Educators' responsibility is to provide future generations of SoC architects with knowledge necessary for successful design and use of IP cores, and to offer them a system perspective including both hardware and software. One such proposal is to design an accelerometer IP core for advanced control applications such as robust motion control, servomotor or robotic applications. There are a lot of strong demands on motion control systems, with reasonable resolution and accuracy. The performance of such motion control systems can be greatly enhanced by including some form of velocity or acceleration feedback. An accurate and rapid velocity measurement is vital for high-performance acceleration control. The functionality of the system core is coded in Verilog HDL, mapped onto architecture, simulated, synthesized and implemented on FPGA and tested. The performance evaluation and validation of the developed core can also be done by comparison with a software model realized using Matlab Simulink. The velocity estimates of RTL model can be further improved by considering some factors affecting accuracy, resolution and range of velocity measurements. This validated velocity signals are used to compute the acceleration of the moving object using simple differentiation technique without accumulated quantization errors.