Perm Military Institute

The article traces the evolution of the legal system in China from ancient times to the present, with a focus on the effect of innovations and borrowings on traditional norms. The author identified the transformation patterns to determine those cultural, political, and external factors that shaped the unique hybrid model of Chinese legal system. The historical and legal method was applied to historical codes, decrees, and legal doctrines. The comparative legal method made it possible to compare and contrast Chinese legal institutions with foreign ones. The systematic approach highlighted the correlation between law, economy, and social processes. Chinese law started as a Confucian-Legalist synthesis, where morality was balanced with strict norms. Later, it was modified by Chinese socialism, which combines authoritarianism with market mechanisms and digital technologies. Innovations entered the system as borrowings but were always adapted to local realities to maintain the cultural continuity. The current legal system of the People’s Republic of China is dual as it binds the formal liberalization of the economic law with strict control over society through national security laws and the social credit system. In China, the legal system managed to develop without abandoning cultural identity because its evolution proceeded under strict political control.

Modern challenges require a thorough understanding of which teaching approaches are most effective within the educational environment of higher education institutions. Only a comprehensive analysis makes it possible to develop effective strategies for improving educational programs and teaching methods. The relevance of this study is due to the urgent need to enhance the quality of training of military specialists. The study contributes to a deeper scientific understanding of the nature of the educational environment of a military university. The key components of the educational environments of military and civilian universities are examined and compared.

The quality of an officer's managerial activity is largely determined by their information calculation and analytical training, their attitude towards the rational use of information, and their readiness to apply new information technologies in their work. All these qualities are essential aspects of information-analytic culture, which makes it relevant and necessary to develop it in military universities. The aim of this article is to theoretically justify and develop pedagogical conditions for developing information-analytically oriented culture in cadets of these universities. A systemic, cultural, and participatory approach forms the basis for the study. The process of developing the culture is ensured through the implementation of developed pedagogical methods. The first pedagogical condition is the saturation of the content of academic disciplines with problematic material. Its implementation generates in cadets a need to resolve information contradictions and promotes the activation of cognitive interest, as well as the development of motivation for forming information-analytical skills. The second condition is situational modeling of digital information technologies. This allows cadets to see scenarios for using digital technologies in their official and everyday lives. It also helps to develop the personal qualities that ensure effective use of these technologies in official activities. The third pedagogical condition is the creation of a unified information and communication space for a military university. This space allows effective use of cadets' free time to self-train in the field of theoretical knowledge assimilation and practical skills related to information-analytical culture. A wide range of forms of this developed space allow involving as many cadets as possible in the process of forming an information-analytically culture.

Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells are involved in phagocytic reactions, which potentially play an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Imbalance of these cells in peripheral blood has proven to affect not only innate but also adaptive immunity. It is possible that a search for strategies to restore monocyte activity could be a major step in achieving immune control over COVID-19. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between phagocytic activity of peripheral-blood monocytes and neutrophils, and COVID-19 severity, to assess the effects of a bacteria-based immunostimulating agent on phagocytosis parameters in in-hospital COVID-19 patients. The study included 105 adult patients with moderate COVID-19, who had been hospitalized in 2020-2021 and treated in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. All patients were divided into two groups: in Group 1 patients received standard treatment and Immunovac VP4 therapeutic vaccine, a bacteria-based immunostimulating agent as add-on therapy from Day 1 of hospitalization; in Group 2 patients did not receive any add-on treatment. The study parameters included C-reactive protein (CRP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), SpO2, lung involvement on chest computer tomography (CT) scan, and phagocytic activity of peripheral-blood leukocytes based on the absorption activity (AA) of monocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes against S. аureus). The parameters were assessed at 1, 14 and 30 days. Based on a cluster analysis of the clinical findings and the results of diagnostic tests obtained on admission, the patients were divided into 2 clusters: cluster 1 including patients with a more severe disease (n = 34) and cluster 2 including patients with a less severe disease (n = 71). Cluster 1 patients had higher levels of CRP (20.1 vs. 2.2 mg/mL, p < 0.001), AST (32.9 vs. 26.2 U/L, p = 0.003), lower SpO2 (94% vs. 96%, p < 0,001) and more extensive lung involvement on chest CT scan (35% vs. 12%, p < 0,001). There was a statistically significant direct correlation between blood monocyte AA and SpO2 (p = 0.04), an inverse correlation between monocyte AA and CRP (p = 0.003) and the extent of lung involvement on CT scan (p = 0.05). In less severe COVID-19 patients (cluster 2), no statistically significant correlation was observed. In more severe COVID-19 patients (cluster 1), there was a rise in monocyte AA on day 30 of hospitalization both in the control group (from 86.6 to 92.2, p = 0.03) and the main group, who received Immunovac VP4 add-on therapy (from 87.3 to 98.3, p = 0.05). However, the patients who received the immunostimulating agent, had higher monocyte PI than the controls, without the immunostimulant (p = 0.05). Patients from cluster 1 who were given Immunovac VP4 had higher SpO2 levels (98% vs. 97%, p = 0.01) than those who had received only the standard treatment. Blood monocyte AA correlates with COVID-19 severity: patients with less severe disease have higher AA and those with more severe illness have lower AA. The standard treatment, combined with Immunovac VP4 enhances phagocytic activity of peripheral-blood monocytes, which is associated with a more marked increase in SpO2, especially in more severe patients.

Despite the successes achieved in treating community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), tactics still need to be improved, especially when forming new organized collectives of military personnel.The purpose of the study was to examine clinical and immunological features of action of an immunotropic drug of bacterial origin Immunovac-VP-4 in complex treatment of mild community-acquired pneumonia in newly recruited military personnel.The study included 35 patients (main group 1) hospitalized with mild CAP who, in addition to basic antibacterial therapy, were treated with the Immunovac-VP-4 vaccine. Control group 2 consisted of 53 patients who received only basic antibacterial therapy. Immunovac-VP-4 contains lysates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and was prescribed according to the nasal-subcutaneous regimen from 1 to 13 days of hospital stay. The mechanism of action is based on activating key effectors of innate and adaptive immunity. In the main group there were an increase of respiratory function indicators, production of IgG antibodies to all antigens of the drug, a relative decrease in IL-6 and IFN-γ concentration in blood serum after administration of a bacterial immunomodulator.Including the multicomponent antibacterial vaccine in subcutaneous-nasal regimen in complex treatment of mild CAP can be recommended as one of the treatment methods leading to the normalization of inflammatory mediators and the prevention of respiratory infections in this cohort of patients.

Background. Solving the tasks of achieving professional success reflects the conditions of its formation, of course, the most important among which is the development of pedagogical qualities of future officers. The author, studying the influence of pedagogical qualities of future officers on the achievement of professional success, identifies those whose development contributes to the achievement of professional success. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to understand the development of pedagogical qualities of cadets through the prism of the fact that it is a condition for achieving professional success of future officers. Materials and methods. To solve the tasks defined in the article, the author applies methodological approaches aimed at developing professionally important pedagogical qualities of future officers, namely, systemic and personal-activity approaches. The main research methods are theoretical (modeling, induction and deduction), comparative (questionnaires, psychological tests, self-assessment) and empirical (systematic and purposeful observation, questioning, conversation, activity analysis, forming experiment) methods of scientific research. Results. Using systematic and personal-activity approaches for the study of pedagogical qualities in professional activity, which are a necessary condition for achieving professional success, the author comes to the conclusion that the development of such qualities is possible with purposeful interaction in the process of teaching teachers with future officers, for the formation of their subjectivity. Conclusions. Analysis of the process of development of pedagogical qualities the future officer, their manifestation in professional activity allows us to systematically consider pedagogical qualities as a necessary condition for achieving professional success, based on the purposeful development of personality in the educational process. The results of the study can be used in the educational process and educational work aimed at achieving professional success. EDN: OPHPNU

Relevance. A potential for zoonotic transmission of highly pathogenic coronavirus strains to humans was of little concern to health care providers, which came as a surprise and led to a coronavirus pandemic in 2020 spring. In 2023 fall, there was higher number of humans infected with coronavirus infection. In 2024, influenza outbreaks characterized by wave-like temperature changes are observed, which may indicate the emergence of a new virus strain. Currently, it is of interest to study the effects related to novel coronavirus infection on human immune system. To date, the immune responses for individual parameters from leukocyte blood formula have been studied, but insufficient attention has been paid to the cumulative impact, due to the fact that many parameters behave ambiguously and it has not been possible to determine the cumulative impact on the immunogram. The aim of the study is to investigate models describing the dynamics in immunogram changes during the pandemic in adolescents living in Perm Krai. The objectives were to analyze differential equations describing a change in immunogram parameters; to summarize study results on impaired immunity due to exposure to coronavirus infection. Results. Differential equations were analyzed and the extremum and age patient parameters with the greatest deviation from the reference interval were determined. Conclusion. Despite the fact that individual elements of flow cytophotometric analysis are oscillatory in nature with large impulses, the generalization of flow cytophotometric analysis indices showed an interesting pattern characterized by a smooth change towards increasing deviation in older adolescence for all studied parameters. Flow cytophotometric analysis indices being within the reference range had the same modality towards negative trend with increasing age only differed by the fact that in the disease state the deviation was twice as large. Without disease, the excess of flow cytophotometric analysis indicators had a positive trend with increasing age, and the decrease of flow cytophotometric analysis indicators from the reference interval had a negative trend. In the disease state with decreased immunoglobulins, when flow cytophotometric analysis exceeded the reference interval, there was a convex deviation in the negative direction with increasing age. When decreasing from the reference interval, a convex curve with a positive trend is observed. Upon elevated immunoglobulins exceeding the reference interval flow cytophotometric analysis has a convex positive trend, whereas for at lowering the reference interval flow cytophotometric analysis also has a convex positive trend exceeding 5 times.

Introduction. The article deals with the analysis of the peculiarities of the professional activity of employees and officers of the Russian Federal Guard Service and substantiates its axiological content. In this context the importance of axiological components in the structure of the most significant professional qualities of employees and officers of power structures, which determine the effectiveness of their service and combat activity, is argumented. The article focuses on patriotic education as a special worldview, which is a deeply meaningful, constructive and positive attitude to traditional values, norms, views, ideals, history and culture of the ethnic group, nation, state, as well as on its direct influence on the formation and development of professionally significant competences and attitudes in representatives of law enforcement agencies. Some aspects of adaptation are touched upon. Research methods. The research was based on general scientific methods. The method of systematic analysis of various aspects of service activities of the Russian Federal Guard Service representatives was widely used. The subject of a separate analysis was socio-psychological and psychological and pedagogical diagnostics of their dominant value-sense orientations. Results. The authors summarise that awareness, internal acceptance and realisation of professional values are predictors of professional success of employees and officers of the Russian Federal Guard Service and can be considered as psychological criteria of professional selection.

Introduction. The relevance of the article is due to the problem of increasing the requirements of modern society for the quality of professional training of graduates. The article talks about the need to form psychological readiness for the activities of young specialists as an integrated system of professional and personal qualities and properties, the result of which is expressed in the willingness of a specialist to solve current and promising work tasks.Purpose setting. The purpose of the study is to identify the key block of psychological readiness of a specialist to work in the logic of pedagogical science.Methodology and methods of the study. The analysis of scientific publications has shown that the problem of psychological readiness for professional activity is the subject of research by many scientists of general and military pedagogy. Based on the theoretical stage of the research, the authors came to the conclusion that the development of readiness for activity is facilitated by the special mental state of the individual and the presence of a model of actions and a focus on their implementation, which are determined by the availability of appropriate abilities and conditions necessary for the successful implementation of its activities, based on an understanding of the anticipatory reflection of reality, providing a preventive adaptation to the upcoming changes in external conditions or the formation of preparatory changes for future events. Therefore, psychological readiness for activity is a «preventive» adaptation to future labor events.Results. The results of the study include the description and analysis of the problem of psychological readiness for activity in the logic of psychology and pedagogy. The idea of the model of psychological readiness for activity, built on the principles of its implementation, is revealed; the content of each of its components is disclosed and the level criteria characteristic of each of them in the logic of high, medium and low is given. A step-by-step program for the formation of psychological readiness for activity is presented, including a diagnostic complex, the content of work at each stage, and options for the probabilistic result of preparedness.Conclusions. In the final part of the work, it is said that the research problem is practice-oriented and allows us to state that psychological readiness in activity contributes to ensuring high labor productivity, the development of professional qualities necessary for the work performed (initiative, active life position, organizational skills), high efficiency. Psychological readiness for activity is a «preventive» adaptation to future work events.