PharmaSeq (United States)

Signature-based Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) is state-of-the-art for precise attack detection. Using multiple instances of NIDS in parallel is considered the most promising solution for improving its processing speed in the scale of high speed network. This can be realized by (1) distributing the network traffic between multiple NIDS to reduce the network load per system or (2) distributing the signatures (rules) between multliple NIDS to reduce the work load per packet. In this paper, we study distribution strategies targeting application and transport layer for both traffic and rule distribution approaches. In addition, we investigate the importance of considering the processing speed optimization in the rule development phase. Our experiments show that in general traffic distribution performs slightly better in terms of packet drop and alert detection compared to rule distribution. The Transport layer distribution strategy shows traffic distribution parallelization detecting 1.6% more alerts and dropping 6% less packets. We also show that optimizing the rules sets further improves the processing speed significantly.

Collecting information about biochemical processes occurring inside a single cell or embryo is traditionally done either using fluorescent dyes with microscopy or via microelectrode voltage-clamp techniques. This paper demonstrates that a more direct method - transmission of information using an electronic chip implanted in an embryo - is feasible. A light-activated microtransponder with dimensions 250μm × 250μm × 100μm (a "p-Chip") was implanted into a blastula-stage frog (Xenopus laevis) embryo. To implant the chip, a small slit is made in the blastocoel roof with an electrolytically-sharpened tungsten needle, and the p-Chip is inserted using fine forceps. The chip is activated when illuminated by a 60mW focused laser beam, which causes the p-Chip to send its numeric ID to a nearby receiver. At no time during signal transmission does a wire or other type of object come in contact with or penetrate the epidermal layer covering the p-Chip. The embryo survives the procedure, extruding the chip after approximately 3h. The method shows promise for studies including voltage potential, pH and other parameters.