Phillips Academy

For disk-shaped bodies such as disk golf disks, the variation in aerodynamic force with the angle of attack is primarily governed by the angular dependence of the force component perpendicular to the disk face. By decomposing the total aerodynamic force into components aligned with the geometric symmetry of the disk, we obtain a simpler and more intuitive relationship with respect to the angle of attack. This formulation was validated through wind tunnel experiments conducted on disk golf disks. Our analysis also clarifies the origin of the nonlinear angular dependence of the drag coefficient and demonstrates that conventional approaches, being misaligned with the disk’s symmetry and failing to account explicitly for the resulting trigonometric relationships, lead to either over-parameterization or inaccuracies due to violations of trigonometric constraints.

Abstract We present the discovery of 30 transiting giant planets that were initially detected using data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission. These new planets orbit relatively bright ( G ≤ 12.5) FGK host stars with orbital periods between 1.6 and 8.2 days, and have radii between 0.9 and 1.7 Jupiter radii. We performed follow-up ground-based photometry, high angular resolution imaging, high-resolution spectroscopy, and radial velocity monitoring for each of these objects to confirm that they are planets and determine their masses and other system parameters. The planets’ masses span more than an order of magnitude (0.17 M J &lt; M p &lt; 3.3 M J ). For two planets, TOI-3593 b and TOI-4961 b, we measured significant nonzero eccentricities of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.03</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.04</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , respectively, while for the other planets, the data typically provide a 1 σ upper bound of 0.15 on the eccentricity. These discoveries represent a major step toward assembling a complete, magnitude-limited sample of transiting hot Jupiters around FGK stars.

In the early stage of gastric cancer (GC), identifying cancer-specific biomarkers is a key step in the disease screening process. This study aims to explore the clinical value of five novel protein biomarkers and their combination (5 MP) for GC early diagnosis. The candidate biomarkers were mined from TCGA, GTEx, and CPTAC databases. The clinical value of the five biomarkers and 5 MP in the early diagnosis from healthy control, benign gastric disease (BGD), precancerous lesions (PLGC), early GC (EGC), and GC was evaluated by receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC), the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Five candidate biomarkers, COL10A1, GKN1, GKN2, LIPF, and REG4, were mined from TCGA, GTEx, and CPTAC databases. In the training cohort, the five proteins were confirmed to be differentially expressed in the serum of control, BGD, EGC, and GC. COL10A1 has the highest AUC of a single protein in control vs. EGC (0.857). GKN2 has the highest AUC of a single protein in BGD vs. EGC (0.822). 5 MP has an AUC of 0.890 in Control vs. EGC, and 0.854 in BGD vs. EGC. In the validation cohort, 5 MP has an AUC of 0.834 in PLGC vs. GC, and 0.839 in PLGC vs.EGC. Our findings suggest that COL10A1, GKN1, GKN2, LIPF, and REG4 are useful non-invasive serum biomarkers for GC diagnosis. Combination detection (5 MP) has enhanced early diagnosis of GC and distinguishing between benign and malignant gastric diseases.

The question of what constitutes the optimal global population has long been a topic of debate among scholars. Historically, different perspectives, from Plato's ideal city-state size to modern utilitarian approaches, have sought to define this optimum. While economic theories like average and classical utilitarianism suggest that the optimal population maximizes either individual or societal utility, real-world complexities make it challenging to pinpoint a precise number. Factors such as technological progress, resource consumption, and regional disparities further complicate the determination of an optimal population. This paper explores these challenges, emphasizing that the notion of an optimal population is fluid and highly context-dependent. It argues for a more nuanced approach that considers the interplay of diverse factors, rather than attempting to define a single, static figure.

Over the past decade, several millimeter interferometer programs have mapped the nearby star-forming galaxy M51 at a spatial resolution of ≤170 pc. This study combines observations from three major programs: the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey, the SMA M51 large program, and the Surveying the Whirlpool at Arcseconds with NOEMA. The data set includes the (1–0) and (2–1) rotational transitions of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O isotopologues. The observations cover the r < 3 kpc region, including the center and part of the disk, thereby ensuring strong detections of the weaker 13CO and C18O lines. All observations are convolved in this analysis to an angular resolution of 4″, corresponding to a physical scale of 170 pc. We investigate empirical line ratio relations and quantitatively evaluate molecular gas conditions such as temperature, density, and the CO-to-H2 conversion factor (α CO). We employ two approaches to study the molecular gas conditions: (i) assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) to analytically determine the CO column density and α CO, and (ii) using non-LTE modeling with RADEX to fit physical conditions to observed CO isotopologue intensities. We find that the α CO values in the center and along the inner spiral arm are ∼0.5 dex (LTE) and 0.1 dex (non-LTE) below the Milky Way inner disk value. The average non-LTE α CO is 2.4 ± 0.5 M ⊙ pc−2 (K km s−1)−1. While both methods show dispersion due to underlying assumptions, the scatter is larger for LTE-derived values. This study underscores the necessity for robust CO line modeling to accurately constrain the molecular interstellar medium’s physical and chemical conditions in nearby galaxies.

The allegorical quartet of birds which prey upon the sheep in 1 Enoch 90.2 have been variously identified by early-modern and modern scholars, with no solution reaching consensus. This article proposes the “hobay” should be translated as “ibises” and accordingly represent an Egyptian people-group. I first advance this argument with the help of a parallel usage of terminology in the Greek Testament of Judah. I next confirm the utility of this identification with a brief survey of roughly contemporary primary sources (textual and material) which connect ibises and Egypt. Finally, with these cultural discourses in mind, I re-integrate the ibises into the Animal Apocalypse, suggesting that the recasting of a graceful national bird as a carnivorous monster is a deviously clever imperial critique.

Lavish silk textiles have drawn considerable attention of historians that have been dedicated to studying the Islamic sartorial code. How changes in the style of silk garments were able to illustrate political development in the Islamic empire, however, was a topic that academic scholars have rarely touched upon. This essay is dedicated to examining how the establishment and development of the Sunni Muslim silk sartorial code is as much the making of the Ulama as the making of the political elites.

Abstract This teaching note introduces the Frightfully Wrong Essay—a handout prepared by the teacher that is full of leading mistakes. Students compete to catch the most mistakes, establishing and confirming their comprehension of key material from class, while also training critical‐reading practices.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) affects about 24 million people worldwide and costs Americans billions of dollars every year.1 With the prevalence of AD, treatments are needed to combat the disease and reduce its effect. In the past, cholinesterase inhibitors were used to treat the symptoms of the disease. In recent years, however, a new type of drug, monoclonal antibody, has been used for the treatment of AD. The purpose of this paper is to review the old and new Alzheimer’s treatment through the lens of affordability and accessibility, and provide insight into the future of the treatment options. In the end, innovative treatments such as vaccines and targeting different mechanisms of action are the next step in Alzheimer’s treatment. Access to these treatments should be more readily available and affordable to low-income families. To support this, the FDA should modify its accelerated approval program to reward rigorous scientific research.