Podillya State Agrarian and Engineering University

Introduction. The development of entrepreneurship in the dairy industry can ensure food security, increase budget revenues by increasing the volume of dairy product exports, and create jobs in post-war Ukraine. Since the dairy business involves production, processing, storage, logistics, and sales of dairy products, this opens up vast opportunities for developing diverse entrepreneurial activities involving workers with different qualification levels. Aim and tasks. This study aims to analyse market conditions and substantiate the directions of entrepreneurial development of dairy production entities in Ukraine in the post-war period. It further seeks to forecast the dairy market indicators of Ukraine using the ARMA approach, assess the significance of changes in dairy market indicators in the first post-war years, and substantiate the barriers to entrepreneurial activity of dairy business entities. Results. The adaptive method of step-by-step refinement of the forecast indicator specified a reduction in imports in 2027 compared to 2024 by 10.7%, provided that domestic demand grew by 7.76% and exports increased by 26.3%. The share of cattle in small farms in 2027 will be 3.5% less than that in 2021, and the share of cows will be 1.1% less. A gradual increase improves the prerequisites for entrepreneurial activity in livestock farming and milk production profitability. This is confirmed by forecast data on the growth of average milk yield from 0.85% to 4.2% by farm size for the first post-war years, since the growth of milk yield is one of the factors increasing the profitability of dairy enterprises. Conclusions. With the growing volumes of supplies for processing from large enterprises, there is a tendency to reduce supplies from small farms, which increases the differentiation of dairy farms in terms of the volume of coverage of external and internal markets. When defining promising areas, obstacles to the entrepreneurial activity of dairy business entities were identified. This indicates that the specified activity should be aimed at the glocalisation of production and sales. This will provide an opportunity to use sales in external markets and operational manoeuvring in markets as a tool for regulating production volumes. This indicates that cooperation contributes to solving the problems of providing workers and intensifying the development of human capital in agricultural production, which is currently hindered by a small share (18%) of dairy farms in the cooperation process.

The article, in order to formulate a solution to the problem of ensuring the integrity of the components of strategic planning of human-centered socio-economic development, considers ways to use such properties of the polysystemic category as autonomy and compatibility, subsystems of strategic forecasting, strategic financing and strategic investment. In a socially oriented national economy, the polysystemicity of strategic planning is proposed to be achieved by the organic unity of state-building functions: social programming, social budgeting and social investment as a single dynamic whole. The information and methodological support for the national assessments of the Regional Human Development Index (RHDI) for 2001 and 2012, the list of national tasks and indicators of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, the results of the RHDI forecast for 2016-2020 for the Khmelnytskyi region are presented. The experience of the Khmelnytskyi Regional State Administration Working Group on the implementation of the PPB system (Forecasting-Programming-Budgeting) in the activities of the regional state administration and the initial provisions of the state experiment for the Khmelnytskyi region regarding the system of regional management of human-centered socio-economic development based on the coordinated interaction of the components of the polysystem of strategic planning and the function of social state-building are presented. The conceptual and methodological provisions of budget federalism as a means of implementing the properties of polysystem in the strategic planning of stable and sustainable human-centered socio-economic development of regions and the state are revealed. On the example of the development of the first in Ukraine Regional Human Development Program of the Khmelnytskyi region for 2016-2020 as the basis of the Program of Human-Centered Socio-Economic Development of the region for 2016-2020. systematized signs of polysystemism in determining strategic indicators and strategic priorities, national and local tasks of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and coordinated interaction of strategic planning and budget planning using the harmonious proportions of the “Golden Ratio”.

The prevalence of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection in domestic cats has significantly increased in recent years. This rise is attributed to both greater awareness among veterinary professionals and improvements in diagnostic methods. The disease is characterized by lung damage, which is related to the parasite's life cycle, particularly the deposition of eggs and the development of larvae in the lung tissue. These processes are accompanied by an inflammatory reaction, leading to structural and functional impairments of the lung tissue in infected animals. During the macroscopic examination of the lungs in infected cats, discoloration, increased size, and a nodular surface due to the formation of nodular foci are noted. The lung tissue appears reddish with grayish-pink foci, where on the cut surface, grayish-creamy firm nodules of varying sizes are visible. Microscopic examination of the lung tissue revealed that in areas of intense infestation by A. abstrusus parasites, an inflammatory reaction develops in a staged manner. In the initial phase, when the parasite's eggs are deposited and localized, degenerative processes predominate. These are characterized by the marked dilation of alveolar spaces, disruption of the elastic framework of alveolar septa and their rupture, compression of the capillary loops, dystrophic-necrotic changes in the alveolar epithelium and bronchial mucosa, interstitial edema around blood vessels, and fragmentation of collagen fibers. With prolonged exposure and activity of the parasite larvae, proliferative processes dominate, leading to the formation of non-specific granulomas. Alveolar spaces show infiltration by histiocytes and polymorphonuclear cells, with fewer leukocytes. Around blood vessels and bronchi, there is infiltration by lymphocytic and macrophage cellular elements. As the number of macrophage cells in the alveolar spaces increases, the presence of larval forms of the parasite decreases, and alveolar wall thickening, due to hyperelastosis, is observed. In such foci of productive inflammation, progressive productive-destructive vasculitis, bronchitis with bronchial obstruction by parasite larvae and desquamated epithelium, and localized serous-productive pleuritis are noted. Clinically, cats infected with aelurostrongylosis exhibit chronic coughing, dyspnea, and cloudy mucous nasal discharge, indicative of a severe course of the disease. A histological hallmark of A. abstrusus infection is the presence of eggs and larvae in the bronchi and alveoli, which triggers both degenerative and proliferative processes in the lung tissue. The distinctive characteristics of the parasite larvae, particularly their shape and size, enable veterinary professionals to identify the helminth during examination. The pathological changes in the lungs caused by A. abstrusus highlight the need to consider this infection during the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases in cats, especially those belonging to high-risk groups.

The object of this study is the force parameters of the working process when cleaning the udder nipples of cows from contamination. Failure to provide adequate care for a cow, especially concerning its udder, could lead to significant health and productivity problems. On the other hand, utilizing modern tools, devices, and materials could improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions for milking cows and udder care, thus leading to better overall outcomes. As part of the research, mathematical expressions were derived theoretically, allowing the determination of the force parameters of the working process for cleaning cows’ udders from contamination by expanding the range of the device’s functional characteristics. Distinctive features of the results regarding the solution to this problem is evaluation of the elasticity force exerted by the lint bundles on the nipple during the rotation of the brush device’s drum and the circular force generated by the brush lint. The developed algorithm of the work process aimed at cleaning the nipples and udders of cows made it possible to combine a set of clearly defined and sequentially performed operations into a single whole. It has been demonstrated that the efforts required to retain different types of contamination on the skin vary significantly. To objectively determine it, a new device has been designed. Its distinctive features are the precision of measurement and simplicity of operation. Following laboratory testing, it was established that the highest contaminant retention forces were exhibited by solid manure (Fret=40±3.21 N), while the lowest values were observed for sawdust (Fret=19±2.17 N) (p ≤ 0.001). The developments are relevant and could be used at cattle breeding farms of various forms of ownership, the scientific community, and at industrial enterprises manufacturing technological equipment.

The research is devoted to the design and analysis of hydraulic systems for automated agricultural machinery to increase their productivity, energy efficiency, and reliability. Tractors, sprayers, and seed drills were used for testing, which worked in real field conditions in different regions of Ukraine, considering various soil types and climatic factors. The main research methods were field experiments, sensor data analysis, and modelling of hydraulic system parameters in the ANSYS software environment. In the course of tests conducted on modern models of tractors, sprayers, and seeders, it was determined that automated controllers and pumps of variable volume provide a significant reduction in energy losses and fuel consumption. For tractors, the reduction in fuel consumption reached 25-27%, for sprayers and seeders – 24-26%. CO2 emissions decreased by an average of 15%, which was in line with the sustainable development goals. Optimisation of the design of hydraulic lines using composite materials has reduced energy losses by 15%, compared to conventional steel lines. This is made possible by reduced friction and better wear resistance. The use of synthetic working fluids ensured flow stability at high temperatures, reducing the risk of system blockage and sedimentation. In general, the implemented technologies increased the stability of hydraulic systems by 88% and reduced the frequency of failures by 40%. The results obtained confirmed the effectiveness of the implemented solutions in improving productivity, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness. Innovative approaches, including automated control systems, have contributed to improving the quality of agricultural operations and ensure a long service life of components. The results obtained can be used in the design of modern agricultural machinery, the introduction of automated control systems in the production processes of the agricultural sector, and in the modernisation of the existing fleet of equipment to increase its productivity, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness

Today in Ukraine there is an unfavorable situation with the staffing of the agricultural sector with qualified specialists, capable of doing successful professional activities. This article is devoted to the problem how to implement a model for teaching physics to the students, based on the use of a system of professionally oriented tasks. The purpose of the article is to study the formation of professionally oriented tasks as a mechanism for the implementation of a systematic approach to learning that does not involve passive acquisition of knowledge in physics but the development of the students’ abilities to master rational techniques and methods of mental activity. This work uses theoretical research methods: study and analysis of psychological, pedagogical, normative and special literature on the research problem; analysis of the state educational standards, programs, teaching aids and teaching materials. It has been empirically proved that the efficiency of using professionally oriented tasks in order to improve the quality of the students’ knowledge in teaching physics is ensured by a set of didactic conditions. Statistical study and interpretation of the results of the pedagogical experiment allows us to draw the following conclusions: after using the developed methodology, there is a significant difference between the levels of quality of knowledge of the experimental groups and the reference (control) groups. If in the reference (control) groups the sufficient and high level of educational achievements of higher education applicants increased by 12 and 3%, respectively, then in the experimental groups the growth of this indicator is much higher - 17 and 6%, which confirms the efficiency of the proposed methodological model of teaching physics, based on the use of a system of professionally oriented tasks.

The traditional linear approach to teaching grammar is insufficient for real-life communication where context plays a crucial role. Communicative grammar integrates language structures into the four skills of language, emphasising the importance of context and pragmatic usage. This enables learners to use and understand a structure in various situations spontaneously. The communicative approach to teaching grammar helps students express their ideas beyond just linguistic structures. This paper conducts a comprehensive literature review on the topic of communicative grammar in foreign language acquisition. It analyses different teaching methods and approaches to communicative grammar instruction, including linear and organic models, deductive and inductive approaches. The study also explores the benefits of integrating grammar instruction into all EFL class activities, instead of having a standalone grammar class. Additionally, the role of context and pragmatics in language learning and teaching is investigated. The relationship between form and function, as well as the importance of teaching grammar in context, are also analysed. The paper also examines the disadvantages of the traditional linear model of grammar instruction and the benefits of the communicative approach. It investigates the role of real-life interactions and constant practice in context for assimilating language structures and vocabulary. Finally, the cognitive motivational connection between language construction and meaning in communicative grammar instruction is discussed.

The priority tasks of grain production sustainability are solving the problem of the significant total energy consumption of the full production cycle and adapting the existing equipment to use as part of equipment sets of low and medium productivity. A promising way to solve these problems is the development and implementation of a string husking device. Its use will significantly reduce the energy consumption of buckwheat groat production due to the use of an energy-efficient husking mechanism. In addition, the string device makes it possible to eliminate the operation of the preliminary sorting of grain into fractions from the technological line of grain production, which additionally reduces the energy consumption of the line and makes it possible to use the husker in lines of low, medium and high productivity. Reducing the specific energy consumption of buckwheat production corresponds to the “European Green Deal” concept and makes production more resource-efficient and competitive. This way, two out of the three pillars of sustainability are improved: environmental and economic. The design principle of carrying out the operation of removing the shell from the buckwheat grain in the developed string husking device is substantiated. Theoretical studies were carried out using an analysis and synthesis of the mechanics of destruction and the method of determining the moments of inertia of homogeneous bodies relative to their own central axes during the husking of buckwheat by impact. Experimental studies were carried out using an experimental string husking device. The conducted analytical studies made it possible to determine the dependence between the specific energy consumption of the husking process and the physical and mechanical characteristics of buckwheat, as well as the structural parameters of the string husking device and the kinematic indicators of its operation. As a result of experimental studies, it had been established that the specific energy consumption of the buckwheat husking process in the developed device is 44–47% lower than the equipment currently used for buckwheat husking, and is 0.491–0.498 Wh/kg.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been one of the critical significant impact factors at the micro and microeconomic levels and has affected financial resources at both the state and household levels. The article aims to study the pandemic’s impact on the dynamics and structure of household expenditures in Central and Eastern Europe. The research is based on statistical data analysis and trend analysis. Household performance indicators were studied in the period 2017-2021, with a focus on the period 2019-2021, when there was an increase in the incidence of COVID-19. The obtained results allow us to state that households in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe received less income due to the COVID-19 pandemic effect, significantly reduced their expenditures, and preferred savings over investment. Households reoriented their expenditures by reducing spending on recreation and culture, restaurants and hotels, clothing and footwear, transport, electricity, water, gas, housing, food, and non-alcoholic beverages. The share of education costs remained unchanged. In the near term, excluding additional risk factors and uncertainty in current prices, the costs of households in Central and Eastern European countries will decrease. Still, their specific weight in the structure of GDP will decline.

The article presents a study of the legal framework for assessing the state of socio-economic development of the regions of Ukraine. Methods of monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of state regional policy are considered. Retrospective analysis and the current state of the system of indicators, regarding the assessment of the socio-economic development of the regions and the implementation of state policy, have been carried out. Fragmentary and insufficient consideration of demographic security and human development assessment indicators was noted. It is noted that the population of the country is the basis through which social reproduction is carried out, it is a source of resources for labor, a consumer and a carrier of economic relations. An assessment of the demographic situation during Russia's military aggression, which deepens the demographic crisis even more, is extremely necessary. Significant population depopulation is caused by a decrease in population due to migration, a part of the population finds itself in temporarily occupied territories, an increase in mortality among the civilian population and the armed forces of Ukraine, and a decrease in the birth rate. Due to depopulation, the sex-age structure is deteriorating, the share of children is decreasing, and the population is aging. Along with the aggravation of the demographic crisis, the qualitative indicators of the population are also deteriorating: the increase in the incidence of tuberculosis and infectious diseases, the increase in alcoholism and drug addiction. During military aggression, it is quite difficult to assess the demographic situation in the country, but information about the population size is available. birth rate, death rate, migration, the level of spread of diseases is quite relevant for national security. Conducting an assessment of Ukraine's demographic security will allow identifying dangerous trends and threats to national security, as well as vulnerabilities in the state and society. The obtained information can be used by the state leadership and authorized state bodies to make decisions regarding the formation of appropriate state policy, taking into account a wide range of demographic and social threats and planning measures to increase the level of demographic security.