Police Executive Research Forum

Steatotic liver disease (SLD) is a worldwide public health problem, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Patients with SLD are at increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Conversely, patients with cardiometabolic conditions have a high prevalence of SLD. In addition to epidemiological evidence linking many of these conditions, there is evidence of shared pathophysiological processes. In December 2022, a unique multi-stakeholder, multi-specialty meeting, called MOSAIC (Metabolic multi Organ Science Accelerating Innovation in Clinical Trials) was convened to foster collaboration across metabolic, hepatology, nephrology and CV disorders. One of the goals of the meeting was to consider approaches to drug development that would speed regulatory approval of treatments for multiple disorders by combining liver and cardiorenal endpoints within a single study. Non-invasive tests, including biomarkers and imaging, are needed in hepatic and cardiorenal trials. They can be used as trial endpoints, to enrich trial populations, to diagnose and risk stratify patients and to assess treatment efficacy and safety. Although they are used in proof of concept and phase 2 trials, they are often not acceptable for regulatory approval of therapies. The challenge is defining the optimal combination of biomarkers, imaging and morbidity/mortality outcomes and ensuring that they are included in future trials while minimizing the burden on patients, trialists and trial sponsors. This paper provides an overview of some of the wide array of CV, liver and kidney measurements that were discussed at the MOSAIC meeting.

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Clinic. Dr Marasco studies the sensory nervous system, with a specific focus on brain organization and human-machine cooperation. Dr Marasco received a 2022 Top 10 Clinical Research Achievement Award for Neurorobotic fusion of prosthetic touch, kinesthesia, and movement in bionic upper limbs promotes intrinsic brain behaviors [1] . The interview has been edited for length and clarity.

studies the measurement and estimation of kidney function, epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD), biomarkers for CKD progression, and treatments to slow the progression of CKD. Dr. Inker received a 2022 Top 10 Clinical Research Achievement Award for New Creatinine-and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race [1]. The interview has been edited for length and clarity.

To test the effects of short-term police patrol operations using license plate readers (LPRs) on crime and disorder at crime hot spots in Mesa, Arizona. The study employed a randomized experimental design. For 15 successive 2-week periods, a four-officer squad conducted short daily operations to detect stolen and other vehicles of interest at randomly selected hot spot road segments at varying times of day. Based on random assignment, the unit operated with LPRs on some routes and conducted extensive manual checks of license plates on others. Using random effects panel models, we examined the impact of these operations on violent, property, drug, disorder, and auto theft offenses as measured by calls for service. Compared to control conditions with standard patrol strategies, the LPR locations had reductions in calls for drug offenses that lasted for at least several weeks beyond the intervention, while the non-LPR, manual check locations exhibited briefer reductions in calls regarding person offenses and auto theft. There were also indications of crime displacement associated with some offenses, particularly drug offenses. The findings suggest that use of LPRs can reduce certain types of offenses at hot spots and that rotation of short-term LPR operations across hot spots may be an effective way for police agencies to employ small numbers of LPR devices. More generally, the results also provide some support for Sherman’s (1990) crackdown theory, which suggests that police can improve their effectiveness in preventing crime through frequent rotation of short-term crackdowns across targets, as it applies to hot spot policing.

Focusing police efforts on “hot spots” has gained acceptance among researchers and practitioners. However, little rigorous evidence exists on the comparative effectiveness of different hot spots strategies. To address this gap, we randomly assigned 83 hot spots of violence in Jacksonville, Florida, to receive either a problem-oriented policing (POP) strategy, directed-saturation patrol, or a control condition for 90 days. We then examined crime in these areas during the intervention period and a 90-day post-intervention period. In sum, the use of POP was associated with a 33% reduction in “street violence” during the 90 days following the intervention. While not statistically significant, we also observed that POP was associated with other non-trivial reductions in violence and property crime during the post-intervention period. In contrast, we did not detect statistically significant crime reductions for the directed-saturation patrol group, though there were non-significant declines in crime in these areas during the intervention period. Tests for displacement or a diffusion of benefits provided indications that violence was displaced to areas near the POP locations, though some patterns in the data suggest this may have been due to the effects of POP on crime reporting by citizens in nearby areas. We conclude by discussing the study’s limitations and the implications of the findings for efforts to refine hot spots policing.

Precious little research on law violators who fled from the police has previously been conducted or reported. The only research findings available were generated from official records and included limited descriptive characteristics. These data from police records were based on the pursuing officers' reports and lacked information from suspects who had escaped. This neglect of the suspects' perspective of pursuit limited our understanding of pursuit as a police tactic. This article explored the law violators' perspective and added their attitudes and beliefs into the knowledge base concerning pursuit.

Pursuit driving has become one of the most controversial and litigated topics in policing. One consistent theme in the research is that pursuits are adrenaline-driven and are highly stressful for the police officers involved. This study analyzes force used after a pursuit as part of the effort to take the suspect into custody. The data are part of a larger research project that includes four jurisdictions: the Metro-Dade Police Department in Miami (FL), the Omaha (NE) Police Department, the Mesa (AZ) Police Department, and the Aiken County (SC) Sheriff's Office. In addition, data were collected from jail inmates in three of these cities or the neighboring areas. We found that most officers act professionally, but some become anxious at the end of a pursuit and tend to “pull the suspect out of the vent window” to make an arrest. Suggestions to reduce this unprofessional behavior include enhanced training, supervision, and accountability systems. Further, if possible, an officer other than the primary pursuit driver should take physical custody of the suspect.