Poznan School of Logistics

The recent trend towards sustainable production and consumption contributes to the development of the remanufacturing industry worldwide. Despite the growing number of independent remanufacturers, remanufacturing is practiced by a limited number of European original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). There is a gap in OEM knowledge on remanufacturing as well as a lack of successful cases of OEMs adopting remanufacturing. Yet, the remanufacturing research focuses on why instead of how to adopt remanufacturing. As a result, many OEMs willing to adopt remanufacturing find themselves lost in numerous challenges. The aim of this paper is to identify OEM challenges when adopting remanufacturing and develop recommendations on how to turn challenges into opportunities. To achieve this aim, we utilize literature review and case study research methodologies. In the literature, we identified 12 clusters of challenges on OEM micro - and meso -levels and verified those at eight case companies. We then outlined the recommendations for OEMs on how to turn challenges into opportunities.

How to reduce fuel consumption to mitigate CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and improve road safety is one of the priorities to be addressed in the field of transport in the European Union. Considering the trend towards more frequent car rentals, it seems important to encourage drivers to change their driving style to a more ecological and economic one. This can be achieved by a system (built of a sensor located in the car, analytical software in the cloud and a mobile application for displaying results) that analyzes driving style and tells the driver how to drive better. Solutions such as the car bus PCB, GSM/GPS modem and 3D sensors were used in the development of the sensor. The validation of the sensor and the development of the analytical system are based on tests carried out in road conditions and in a closed area. Graphical methods (box-plot charts), correlation analysis and testing statistical hypotheses using the Mann–Whitney method were used in the analysis of the test results. The developed sensor and the analytical system allow for identifying the driving style of drivers. This system, through the use of a sensor that allows for downloading data not only from the car’s CAN bus but also the forces acting on the vehicle, permits the checking of 14 driving parameters used to interpret the driver’s driving style.

The article is an interesting contribution to the debate on the impact of artificial intelligence on the labor market. The authors seek to allay fears about job losses related to automation, arguing that artificial intelligence brings more benefits than harm. The article provides the current context, highlighting growing public concerns about job losses due to automation and artificial intelligence. The article presents solid arguments and support for its thesis. However, it would be worthwhile to also include a critical perspective and address potential challenges, such as the need to adapt employees' skills to new technologies. In my opinion, the article should take into account the assumptions of Industry 5.0, which revolutionizes the general concept of using artificial intelligence. Industry 5.0 is guided, among others, by the use of artificial intelligence to meet human needs. This perspective on the role of humans in the context of artificial intelligence may effectively disprove many arguments from opponents of this technology. Another important element that should be reflected in the article is the process of improving people's professional skills in the context of the progress and improvement of artificial intelligence. As emphasized in the text, the development of artificial intelligence not only generates new professions and jobs but also challenges us to improve production processes. The need to increase the effectiveness of these processes will require the immediate filling of newly created positions, which, in the face of aging societies or the shortage of employees in the labor market, becomes a difficult task. Therefore, the key aspect is the time needed to train and prepare employees for new tasks. In the context of human selfdevelopment, including the acquisition and assimilation of knowledge, humans need time, and the pace of development of artificial intelligence may exceed it. Addressing the above issues should enable the development and confirmation of the thesis adopted by the authors of the article. In the longer term, after a few or a dozen years, it will be necessary to reconsider the thesis. The speed and direction of the development of artificial intelligence remain uncertain, which may necessitate changing its perception and use in the reality surrounding humans. The article has the potential to become a starting point for numerous publications discussing the impact of artificial intelligence on various spheres of human life, such as health, industry, environment, and work ergonomics. In each of these areas, the impact of artificial intelligence may manifest itself differently, and emerging threats or challenges may result from completely different factors. It is worth mentioning the authors' significant contribution to the promotion of this topic.

Reusable packaging is more and more commonly used in business practice. Numerous researchers attempt to identify the correlation between the parameters of a supply chain based on the standard logistic units. This paper aims to analyze the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of transport processes in a supply chain, considering various reusable packaging variants. The novelty of the approach is based on the use of environmental assessment when evaluating the efficiency of the modeled solution. Based on the conducted literature and exploratory research, it can be stated that the implementation of standardized reusable packaging affects the design of the supply chain and its parameters. The presented case study outlines the direct impact of changes on environmental efficiency within the sustainable supply chain based on the application of standardized logistics units. The proposed changes influence is focused on reducing the carbon footprint of the entire supply chain.

The purpose of this article is to identify and analyse the significance of the existing drivers and barriers in the implementation of solutions in the field of Digital, Intelligent and Sustainable Logistics (DISL) to SMEs and Large Companies. Design/Methodology/Approach: As part of this article, the survey conducted among Polish entrepreneurs was used. The results of the survey were analysed as part of the statistical analysis. The ANOVA analysis of variance was used for the gradation in terms of the significance level of both drivers and barriers, while the non-parametric Mann-Witney test was used to verify the differences in the perception of the drivers and barriers of DISL implementation for the variable: the size of the company. Findings: The performed statistical analysis allowed to verify the hypotheses relating to the identification of statistically significant differences in the perception of drivers and barriers to DISL implementation. As a result, it was possible to indicate differences for both variables in terms of their level of importance, which turned out to be true. Practical Implications: The area related to the analysis of the results of the conducted research in terms of identification and examination of the significance level of individual drivers and barriers to DISL implementation is particularly important from the point of view of the need for digitalisation and reducing the carbon footprint by modern supply chains. Originality/Value: This paper primarily analyses the results of surveys completed by managers of micro, SMEs and large companies in terms of drivers and barriers for the DISL implementation as a key aspect of the development of current supply chains.

Purpose:The purpose of this article is to develop a research concept for business process simulation models that take into account all possible automation scenarios activated depending on the tested configuration of their implementation.Design/Methodology/Approach: As part of the research, warehouse processes were identified in one of the key Polish e-commerce companies.These processes were modeled in the next step using BPMN notation and simulated taking into account all model parameters.Thanks to the calibration of the models, it was possible to confirm their correctness.In the next step, the models were modified in order to implement automatic solutions, correct parameters.Findings: The developed scenario models allow for a comparative analysis of automation scenarios by activating or deactivating individual variants of the model.The simulation results obtained for various scenario models which enabled to distinguish the potential of using the simulation, i.e. a set of process parameters that should be subject to comparative analysis in subsequent stages of the research so that it was possible to verify the results of the implemented automatic solutions.Practical Implications: The changes taking place in modern logistics and warehouse processes are mainly caused by the increase in the requirements of final recipients in terms of the quality of services provided and the time of their implementation.The growing importance of online sales and the very intensively developing COVID-19 pandemic have made this distribution channel one of the key forms of obtaining and delivering products to end recipients.One of the essential elements of development is shortening process cycles, elimination of human errors or effective use of the resources involved through automation.Originality/Value: As a result of the analyzes, a research concept that allows the use of multi-scenario simulation models taking into account automatic solutions in warehouse processes, implemented in the e-commerce industry, was developed.This model will be used in further research on the results of automation implementation.

PURPOSE: The aim of the paper is to present the concept and analyse the possibility of using the matrix of information needs as a tool improving the process of customer service. Moreover, the paper presents the procedure of its implementation and use on the example of a production company from the furniture industry operating in Poland.

Purpose: This paper presents the methodology of the system of assessment and selection of suppliers on the example of a selected service enterprise.A basic review of literature on multi-criteria methods is presented and phases of the supplier assessment and selection process necessary to develop a model of supplier selection in service industry enterprises are defined.Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to realize the intended conception, a detailed assessment of suppliers was made according to the selected methods.The first verification method to support the company's supplier selection and assessment process is the local analysis, which includes the arithmetic average method, the weighted average method, and the percentage method.Another scoring-based supplier assessment and selection method is the matching matrix.Graphical verification is another example of multi-criteria verification based on local analysis which is an extension of it.Another example of supplier verification is the method of qualitative variables.The last method used to assess and select suppliers is the AHP analytical hierarchical process.Supplier selection based on this model requires the enterprise to determine the most important criteria that will be used to assess suppliers.Findings: Of all the verification methods analysed, the analytical hierarchy process model proved to be the most effective and it is on this basis that enterprises should make their supplier selection.Practical Implications: A thorough analysis of the enterprise's relations with suppliers carried out in the practical part allowed to identify the problem of the company's high dependence on suppliers.Despite constant supervision of cooperation and a restrictive selection process, there are still shortages of supplies and errors in orders resulting from suppliers' inattention.Originality value: Formulating the right rules of conduct in the process of selecting and assessing a supplier and applying the most optimal method will make it possible to solve many existing problems in the company's procurement logistics.

The ever-growing dynamics of life increases the demand for fast and safe means of transport. One of the most frequently chosen express means of transport is air transport. The aim of the study is to analyze the number of passengers transported by air in 153 countries in the world between 2010-2018 and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on passenger air transport in the USA in terms of economic security. The subject of the research is 153 countries of the world, and the object of the study is the number of passengers transported by air between 2010-2020. Design/Methodology/Approach: One of the research methods used was literature analysis which concerns issues related to air transport, multidimensional analyzes and security. The research tools used for the study were: categorized line and bar charts and indices of dynamics with a constant base. The use of a multidimensional comparative analysis allowed for the evaluation of the number of passengers transported by passenger air in the continents under consideration, as well as in the USA before and during the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The world leader in terms of the number of passengers transported is the United States. In 2020, compared to 2019, in the USA, for the identical period from March 1 to October 17, a decrease in the number of passengers transported by 429 141 477 was observed. Thus, there was a decrease in passenger transport by 77,28 percentage points. Practical implications: The results obtained from the conducted research indicate a significant weakening of the passenger air transport sector in 2020 and the need for action aimed at its gradual reconstruction. Originality: The juxtaposition of many groups of dependent variables in identical time units allowed to observe (emphasize) the similarities and differences between the studied objects and indicated the trend phenomenon and its breakdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The dynamic growth of multi-channel sales (including e-commerce) causes a mass flow of cargo in supply networks and large-scale transport and logistics processes in complex multi-hub structures of logistics networks in Europe. One of the key objectives of the effective management of processes and cargo flows in complex structures of logistics networks is an increase in profitability of customer and shipment delivery. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the presented value-based management (VBM) model, multi-factor price lists for logistics services and taxation weight of shipment are the basis for revenue modelling by logistic operators, as well as their multi-criteria conditions for qualifying rates and add-on factors. On the other hand, transport and logistics processes implemented in supply chains and multi-hub network, create a complex cost environment. Findings: Dynamically and segmentally planned process loads in logistics networks according to the changing needs of customers, create complex and variable structures of direct and indirect costs of logistics operators. The allocation of costs in multi-hub logistics networks is determined by dynamic changes in the flow of cargo, through the settlement keys of resources costs used in the processes of the logistics network. Customer service quality indicators established by logistics operators are mapped to operational norms in the final settlement model. The key factor in using the value-based management model by enterprises is achieving the required operational and price competitiveness on the market of transport and logistics services with the assumed profitability of customers and services. Originality/Value: The results of the presented model analysis of the profitability of customers as well as the efficiency of processes in the logistics network influence managerial decisions shaping the appraisal of shipment contracts with customers. The VBM model presented in the article was used to verify the real costs and profitability of corporate customers in large scale multi-hub logistics network, taking into account analysis of the share and allocation of shipment flows, transport options in supply chains, as well as process routes and resource consumption.