Prime Minister's Office

Art and literature are important aspects of human life as well as social life. With the development of civilization, humans first developed art for their expression and then, with intellectual development, also created literature. Thus, art and literature are the mediums responsible for human expression, which express a person's creative imagination and flights of mind and emotions. While art expresses beauty and ideas through visual display or music, literature creates stories, poems and dramas through words, which often influence each other and inspire human experience and civilization culture.

Somalia's recurring hunger crises are often viewed as emergencies that can be addressed by emergency food aid. In reality, chronic food insecurity now stems from structural fault lines-poverty, conflict, displacement, climate volatility, weak land tenure, under-resourced ministries, and fractured markets-that short-term food aid cannot repair. Today, 4.3 million Somalis face acute food insecurity, and more than 700,000 children are acutely malnourished, even though the country boasts a 3333-km coastline, fertile river valleys and a rich tradition of pastoralism and farming. Cycles of drought have decimated herds, forced pastoralists into urban slums, and eroded coping mechanisms, while conflict blocks access to productive land and drives up dependence on imports for over 80% of staple foods. Climate change is tightening this vise through erratic rains, scorching heat, and flash floods. To achieve sustainable food security, Somalia must shift from emergency relief to long-term investments in resilient and inclusive food systems. That means channelling at least five percent of public expenditure into irrigation, water harvesting, and extension services; securing land rights to spur on-farm investment; scaling early-warning and climate-smart technologies; and rebuilding rural infrastructure, cold chains, and digital marketplaces so smallholders can reach consumers. Nutrition gains hinge on diversifying production of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and animal proteins, linked to community health and education programs. A national Food Systems Coordination Council should align humanitarian and development actors with regional frameworks, while public-private partnerships unlock finance for Somali agribusiness innovations. Ending hunger is not only a humanitarian obligation; it is a prerequisite for stability, growth, and social justice. With political will, integrated governance, and sustained investment, Somalia can move beyond food aid, harness its land and heritage, and lay the foundation for a resilient, self-reliant future.

Abstract Background Avatar-based multiplayer online games and video games are becoming increasingly popular as entertainment tools worldwide. The interaction between players and their avatars is of growing interest to researchers exploring the psychological dynamics of gaming experiences. Objective This study aimed to develop and validate the "Proteus Effect Scale for Adolescents" to examine how digital games influence adolescents' identities. Methods Using criterion sampling, four distinct groups of adolescents were selected based on their engagement with digital gaming. The development of the scale began with a 15-item pilot test, which was refined through expert feedback and subsequent pilot testing, resulting in a final 10-item scale. The validity of the scale was assessed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Criterion-related validity was established by examining correlations with game addiction and neuroticism. Reliability was measured through internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results EFA indicated a single factor explaining 50.029% of the variance, with a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of .897 and a significant Bartlett’s Sphericity test (χ²= 2908.75, p=.000). CFA confirmed the unidimensional structure of the scale with strong fit indices: Chi-Square/df = 2.891, RMR = .035, GFI = .94, AGFI = .91, CFI = .93, NFI = .90, IFI = .93, and RMSEA = .074. The scale showed significant correlations with game addiction (r = .526, p < .01) and neuroticism (r = .137, p < .01). Reliability analysis demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .87) and test-retest reliability (r = .75, p < .05). Conclusions The Proteus Effect Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing avatar-player identification among adolescents. It shows strong psychometric properties and can be used to explore the influence of digital games on adolescent identity development.

IntroductionThe global development discourse primarily emphasizes the vital role of international aid in post-conflict health systems and governance. Somalia’s post-conflict health recovery has relied heavily on multisectoral aid that saved lives but entrenched parallel systems. While the national budget rose from ~ SOS 200 million (2015) to ~ SOS 1.3 billion (2025), the Ministry of Health’s share remained ≤ 7%, leaving sustainability and local ownership at risk. Recent funding cuts have reduced food, health, and WASH services, heightening disease and malnutrition risks. This review examines the long-term impacts of multisectoral aid on Somalia’s health system and governance, focusing on its effectiveness, sustainability, and unintended consequences.MethodWe conducted a narrative review (1990–2024; final search April 25, 2025) across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and gray literature (WHO, UNICEF, World Bank, USAID, FMoH). Using SANRA guidance, two reviewers screened 221 records plus prior evidence; 334 studies/reports were synthesized via hybrid thematic coding (NVivo) across five domains: aid-driven system development; aid–governance interactions; consequences of dependency; comparative insights; and sustainability pathways.ResultsAid delivered tangible “fruits”: expanded immunization and MCH coverage; high 2024 delivery performance (health 95% with US$69.8 M spent; nutrition 95.5% with US$73.9 M); and total donor inflows of ~ US$721.9 M fully deposited. However, most funds flowed off-budget through vertical programs and parallel supply/data chains, fragmenting governance and dampening state capacity. Despite the health share peaking at 7% (2023) and stabilizing near 6.8% (2025), cuts in 2025 curtailed essential services, leaving millions more vulnerable. Comparative cases (Liberia, Sierra Leone vs. South Sudan, Afghanistan) show sustainability improves when pooled funding, government payroll integration, and PHC-first strategies are adopted.ConclusionFor Somalia to transition from aid dependency to sustainable health governance, a deliberate shift is needed by strengthening FMoH leadership, funding PHC, unifying systems, integrating staff into public payroll, and ensuring epidemic readiness.

Abstract The polyamide/thermoplastic copolyester (PA/CoPe) blend is unique among the limited selection of thermoplastic matrices due to its enhanced mechanical and physical characteristics. Exploring the sway of silane-treated silica and graphene nanofillers on the mechanical behavior of short carbon fiber/PA6/CoPe blend (CF/PA blend) composites is the central aim of this work. Two distinct nanocomposites were made by extrusion and injection molding. The first incorporated silica nanofillers, while the second used a combination of graphene and silica. Hardness, tensile, short beam, flexure, and impact tests were performed to ascertain the effect of the nanofillers on mechanical behavior. Experimentally, nanofillers noticeably improved the composite’s mechanical properties, with silane treatment fostering superior nanofiller-matrix bonding. The synergistic effect of silica and graphene led to a significant 32.3 % increase in interlaminar shear strength. Moreover, this combination yielded substantial gains in hardness (14.1 %), tensile strength (16 %), flexural strength (19 %), and impact strength (33.2 %) over the unfilled blend. Conversely, using 1.5 % silica as the sole reinforcement resulted in smaller increases of 8.5 %, 5.6 %, 5.4 %, and 8.5 % for the same mechanical attributes. Together, these nanofillers improve network structure formation and silica and graphene dispersion, strengthening the CF/PA blend composite’s mechanical characteristics. Additionally, this will open the door to creative structural engineering designs and more environmentally friendly solutions.

The global population is increasing rapidly, with projections for suggesting this will rise to 60% by 2030 and 70% by 2050. Africa’s long-term vision aligns with Agenda 2063 and Somalia’s development trajectory, including the launch of its National Transformation Plan (NTP) for 2025–2029. This plan highlights the country’s evolving national development strategies, from the post-independence National Development Plans (NDPs) to more recent frameworks. Despite ambitious goals, previous plans have struggled due to institutional fragility, political instability, and heavy reliance on external aid. Somalia, located on the Horn of Africa, has faced numerous challenges, including conflict, climate vulnerability, and economic stagnation, which have hindered long-term progress. The paper traces Somalia’s historical development journey and offers a comprehensive review of how past lessons can inform future planning. The NTP 2025–2029 marks a significant shift in Somalia’s approach to national development. For the first time, the country adopts a participatory, systems-based methodology through the Lab Approach. This approach integrates multiple stakeholders, including federal and member state institutions, civil society, and international partners, to collaboratively design solutions tailored to Somalia’s unique needs. The NTP seeks to foster inclusive economic growth, resilient governance, and environmental sustainability, all aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the African Union’s Agenda 2063. This holistic transformation focuses on overcoming previous obstacles, such as weak institutions and fragmented governance. While NTP presents a forward-thinking framework, its successful implementation is contingent on overcoming significant challenges. The article highlights Somalia’s security threats, technical capacity gaps, and political fragmentation, suggesting strengthening institutional frameworks, enhancing fiscal autonomy, and prioritizing climate resilience through robust monitoring and stakeholder engagement. The NTP aims for a prosperous, democratic, and resilient Somalia by 2029, providing a clear and actionable roadmap for the country’s long-term development and stability.

Most farmers in Nepal practice manual transplanting, which is labor-intensive and costly as well. Rice farming has considerable challenges due to labor scarcity and growing labor costs. Manual transplantation also creates delays owing to labor constraints, as well as the difficulty of handling younger seedlings during transplanting, causing older seedlings to be used, resulting in a lower yield. In such circumstances, mechanical transplanting may be the best alternative to manual transplanting since it ensures timely transplanting, involves fewer labors, maintains appropriate plant population, lowers production costs, contributes to higher yield, and is a more cost-effective technique of rice production. Despite its numerous benefits, the adoption of mechanical rice transplanting technique among Nepalese farmers is sluggish due to the majority of small-holder farmers, expensive starting costs, and a lack of knowledge about the technology related mat-type nursery growth. So, to enhance farmers' acceptance of mechanical transplanting, providing technical knowledge of raising mat type or tray nursery, as well as capacity building for custom hiring, could be a solution. This review examines the impact of mechanical transplanter on the growth, yield, and economics of rice production.

This study examines research trends, conceptual development, and thematic evolution in green education and digital sustainability using bibliometric methods. 438 articles from the Education & Educational Research category of the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection, covering the period 1990–2025, were analyzed. The findings indicate that the green education literature expanded rapidly, particularly after 2005, and that digital sustainability themes gained prominence after 2015, influenced by SDG 4.7. The countries with the most publications were the United Kingdom, Spain, China, and the United States, while Turkey's contribution after 2018 was notable. The keyword and temporal analysis revealed that the literature evolved from environmental awareness to digital sustainability pedagogy, and that green education has evolved into a multidimensional structure encompassing digital ethics, technological responsibility, and sustainable pedagogy.

The research aims to assess these environmental challenges and identify effective countermeasures by examining governance structures, community involvement, and stakeholder perspectives. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative data from document analysis, field observations, and 30 semi-structured interviews with government officials, community leaders, business owners, and NGOs, alongside quantitative survey data from 200 residents and tourists. Findings reveal a significant decline in ecological assets, particularly the disappearance and pollution of urban ponds, attributed to unregulated land-use changes and insufficient environmental oversight. Institutional weaknesses, including fragmented governance, lack of enforcement, and limited funding, further exacerbate these problems. Despite these challenges, the study identifies several promising countermeasures. Community-led Pond management projects, eco-certification of tourism enterprises, and decentralized waste treatment initiatives show potential for scaling up. Both residents and tourists express strong support for more sustainable tourism practices, though implementation remains limited without integrated policy support. The research concludes that effective environmental management in Luang Prabang requires a more coherent and collaborative strategy, grounded in participatory governance, updated regulatory frameworks, and sustainable financing mechanisms. Protecting Luang Prabang’s ecological integrity is essential not only for the health of its local communities and ecosystems but also for preserving the long-term viability of its tourism industry. This study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable tourism in Southeast Asia and provides practical recommendations for improving environmental governance in culturally and ecologically sensitive destinations.