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This paper presents a comparison of text-based and choices-based input methods in text-to-image (T2I) systems. While text-based inputs offer flexibility and creative control, they often impose a high cognitive load, especially for novice users unfamiliar with prompt engineering. Therefore, we developed and tested a new system named Choices2I, which offers a structured and choices-based interface. We compared it with the traditional text-based prompts used in GPT-4’s official web version. Our results show that users from creative industries (e.g., designers, artists, and film directors) prefer choices-based input (i.e., Choices2I) due to its flexibility and control, regardless of their expertise level. These users often have clear creative goals and find the structured options helpful in achieving specific outcomes. Conversely, non-creative industry users, who typically use T2I models for entertainment or casual purposes, favor text-based input because it is simpler and imposes less cognitive load without the pressure of making choices. This research provides critical insights into the comparison of text-based and choices-based input methods for both professional and novice users. These findings yield design insights and guidelines for building more adaptive and user-friendly T2I systems, balancing accessibility for novices with creative flexibility for professionals.

The flow-through cell is the preferred apparatus for dissolution testing of controlled-release dosage forms, poorly soluble drugs, and many special dosage forms, such as suspensions, soft capsules, implants, microspheres, and liposomes.Although the flow-through cell apparatus has been included in pharmacopoeias for years, there is no official performance verification test (PVT) method.In this study, salicylic acid tablets were used to develop a PVT for the flow-through cell apparatus.Using the same erosion and zero-order release mechanism as the basket and paddle apparatus, the salicylic acid tablet proved to be a good potential reference standard in PVT for the flow-through cell apparatus.In phase I, four parameters were systematically investigated for their influence on dissolution of salicylic acid using the design of experiment (DoE) method.The tablet loading pattern was the most important parameter influencing dissolution; flow rate and cell inner diameter (ID) also had a significant impact.Temperature had a negligible effect on dissolution.In phase II, dissolution tests were conducted by four different analysts on different flow-through cell apparatus (i.e., four collaborators) in two test facilities for repeatability and reproducibility assessments and to determine preliminary acceptance criteria for the PVT.The experimental condition for phase II was tablets placed on the tablet holder with glass beads, cell ID of 12 mm, flow rate of 16 mL/min, and temperature of 37 °C, and sample collected at 90 minutes.Reproducibility of the PVT was confirmed with data from a fifth collaborator.

This chapter explores how the integration of technical skills and workplace learning into secondary education can ensure youth obtain a holistic education – thus, preparing them for the workplace. It begins with a discussion on skills development, skills for employability, and technical and vocational educational training (TVET). Two case studies are subsequently drawn upon as examples of programs aiming to address technical skills and workplace learning integration in India and Pakistan: the Lend-a-Hand Introduction to Basic Technology program and the Technical Vocational Program & Livelihoods for Youth (TVET at Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi), respectively.