Process Design Center (Netherlands)

Hydrogen peroxide is currently made on a large scalevia the auto-oxidation(AO) process, an indirect process via the hydrogenation of anthraquinoneover a Pd catalyst, followed by reaction with O2. The AOprocess has a significant climate footprint, since H2 isusually sourced from methane steam reforming. A more sustainable H2O2 production process is, therefore, highly relevant.Potential alternative routes include the direct reaction of H2 and O2 and processes that use electricity, eitherdirectly via electrochemical or bioelectrochemical systems or indirectlyvia plasmas. Despite research on these routes, there are currentlyno real challengers to the established AO process. An overview ofthese alternative processes is provided before considering the energetic,techno-economic, life cycle, and safety challenges facing them. Byhighlighting these challenges through comparison with the AO process,this review aims to inspire further work for scaling up these alternativeprocesses for truly determining their industrial viability. As theseprocesses may ultimately prove more advantageous than the AO processfor on-demand production, their industrialization might not need tooccur on the same production scale as that of the AO process.

Cooling of high-power electronics necessitates the use of liquid cooling. Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are key metrics for liquid cooling performance and depend on dimensions, fluid properties and fluid speed. Correlations to calculate the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are critically dependent on correct identification of the flow regime, which is difficult to do a priori and not feasible during optimization over a large design space. The paper describes a way to avoid this difficulty. The novel approach is implemented in a spreadsheet and validated against CFD simulations.

IntroductionThe unbound brain extracelullar fluid (brainECF) to plasma steady state partition coefficient, Kp,uu,BBB, values provide steady-state information on the extent of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport equilibration, but not on pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles seen by the brain targets. Mouse models are frequently used to study brain PK, but this information cannot directly be used to inform on human brain PK, given the different CNS physiology of mouse and human. Physiologically based PK (PBPK) models are useful to translate PK information across species.AimUse the LeiCNS-PK3.0 PBPK model, to predict brain extracellular fluid PK in mice.MethodsInformation on mouse brain physiology was collected from literature. All available connected data on unbound plasma, brainECF PK of 10 drugs (cyclophosphamide, quinidine, erlotonib, phenobarbital, colchicine, ribociclib, topotecan, cefradroxil, prexasertib, and methotrexate) from different mouse strains were used. Dosing regimen dependent plasma PK was modelled, and Kpuu,BBB values were estimated, and provided as input into the LeiCNS-PK3.0 model to result in prediction of PK profiles in brainECF.ResultsOverall, the model gave an adequate prediction of the brainECF PK profile for 7 out of the 10 drugs. For 7 drugs, the predicted versus observed brainECF data was within two-fold error limit and the other 2 drugs were within five-fold error limit.ConclusionThe current version of the mouse LeiCNS-PK3.0 model seems to reasonably predict available information on brainECF from healthy mice for most drugs. This brings the translation between mouse and human brain PK one step further.

3068 Background: Optimization of antibody dosing in oncology drug development is an area of growing interest. We have previously demonstrated that the dose and schedule of pembrolizumab does not co...

This paper presents the latest development of HyGenSys, a new sustainable process and technology for the conversion of natural gas to hydrogen and power. The concept combines a specific steam reforming reactor-exchanger with a gas turbine. The heat necessary for the steam reforming reaction comes from hot pressurized flue gases produced in a gas turbine instead of a conventional furnace. Thanks to this high level of heat integration, the overall efficiency is improved and the natural gas consumption is reduced which represents an advantage with regard to economics and CO2 emission reduction. In addition to the efficient HyGenSys process scheme itself, the technology of the reactorexchanger also offers a high level of heat integration for even more energy saving. Two main alternatives are examined in order to meet two different requirements. The first one, named HyGenSys-0, focuses on the hydrogen production for the refining and petrochemical application. The second one named HyGenSys-1, concerns the centralized power production with pre-combustion CO2capture. In that case, the produced hydrogen is fully used to fuel a power gas turbine. HyGenSys-1 has been developed and optimised in CACHET, a European Community funded project. The CACHET electrical power objective was 400 MW at the minimum. HyGenSys-0 and HyGenSys-1 are described in detail with challenges and advantages compared to existing technologies. For both alternatives, the heart of the technology is the reactor-exchanger. The reactor-exchanger design relies on an innovative arrangement of bayonet tubes that allows, at large scale, multiple heat exchanges between hot pressurized flue gas, natural gas feed and hydrogen rich stream produced. <br> Cet article présente les développements récents d’HyGenSys, nouvel éco-procédé de conversion du gaz naturel en hydrogène et électricité. Le concept combine un réacteur-échangeur spécifique de reformage à la vapeur avec une turbine à gaz. En fait, la chaleur nécessaire pour la réaction de reformage à la vapeur provient des fumées pressurisées produites dans une turbine à gaz au lieu d’un four conventionnel. Grâce à cette intégration thermique poussée, l’efficacité globale est améliorée et la consommation de gaz naturel réduite, ce qui représente un avantage d’un point de vue économique et environnemental notamment vis-à-vis de la réduction des émissions de CO2. Deux déclinaisons du procédé sont détaillées, elles répondent chacune à des besoins différents. La première, appelée HyGenSys-0, correspond à la production d’hydrogène pour le raffinage et la pétrochimique. La deuxième, appelée HyGenSys-1, permet la production d’énergie centralisée avec la capture de CO2 en précombustion. Dans ce cas, l’hydrogène produit est entièrement utilisé pour alimenter une turbine de production d’électricité. HyGenSys-1 a été développé et optimisé au cours du projet CACHET, financé par la Communauté européenne, avec comme objectif de fournir une puissance de 400 MW minimum. Les versions HyGenSys-0 et HyGenSys-1 du procédé sont décrites en détail avec les défis et avantages comparés aux technologies existantes. Dans les deux cas, le coeur de la technologie est le réacteuréchangeur dont le développement est également présenté en détail. La conception de réacteur-échangeur est basée sur un arrangement innovant de tubes à baïonnette autorisant une conception à grande échelle, de l’échange thermique multiple entre la fumée pressurisée chaude, l’alimentation de gaz naturel et l’effluent riche en hydrogène.