Prof. Assen Zlatarov University

The formation of learning motives in preschool age is a key factor for children’s successful adaptation to school education. Learning motivation during this developmental period has a significant impact on the development of cognitive activity, self-regulation, and attitudes toward learning activities. The present study is aimed at analyzing the leading learning motives among preschool children and examining their specific characteristics with respect to gender differences. The study was conducted with a sample of 30 children aged 5–6 years, using M. Ginzburg’s methodology for diagnosing learning motivation. This diagnostic tool makes it possible to identify various types of learning motives—cognitive, social, positional, play-related, and external—as well as the degree of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The results indicate that the leading learning motive among the examined group of children is the cognitive motive (36.7%), which can be regarded as a significant and positive indicator of adequate school readiness. A predominance of mixed motivation (40%) was also identified, creating favorable conditions for the development of an active learning position, self-regulation, and a stable positive attitude toward learning activities. Gender-based analysis reveals that girls are characterized by more strongly expressed intrinsic and socially oriented learning motives, whereas boys more clearly exhibit positional, play-related, and external motives. The obtained results confirm the importance of cognitive motivation as a foundation for successful school readiness in preschool age. The predominance of intrinsic and mixed motivation may be considered a positive indicator of children’s future learning engagement. The observed differences between girls and boys in the structure of learning motives highlight the need for differentiated pedagogical approaches that take into account developmental characteristics and preferred forms of activity.

This paper presents a pedagogical model that integrates the principles of psychodrama and expressive arts therapy within the classical framework of the pedagogical dialogue. The study investigates the potential of symbolic transformation as a pedagogical mechanism for reducing anxiety and enhancing emotional resilience among pedagogy students. Developed by Dr. Avi Abner and grounded in the theory of upbringing, the model unites cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions of learning through creative expression and reflective interaction. It introduces a holistic process in which dialogue becomes a transformative medium for self-awareness, emotional regulation, and personal growth. The research was conducted at Burgas State University “Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov” with students of pedagogy and social pedagogy in part-time study programmes, who participated in a structured pedagogical experiment. The findings demonstrated a clear reduction in students’ anxiety levels and an increase in emotional stability and self-reflective competence. These results validate the pedagogical significance of dialogical and creative approaches in shaping future educators who can maintain psychological balance and empathy in professional contexts. The proposed model contributes to contemporary pedagogical theory by bridging the artistic, emotional, and cognitive dimensions of education. It redefines the pedagogical dialogue as both a diagnostic and transformative tool, enabling future teachers to internalize mechanisms of self-regulation and emotional resilience. The study affirms that the integration of psychodramatic and art-therapeutic principles into teacher education represents a valuable innovation in developing reflective, emotionally mature, and socially responsive professionals.

This narrative review presents an updated overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS), with emphasis on clinical implications and current gaps in evidence. PAS is associated with substantial maternal morbidity and mortality, with reported maternal mortality rates approaching 7%. Affected patients often experience prolonged hospitalization, repeated surgical interventions, and long-term psychological and emotional consequences. The development of PAS is primarily attributed to impaired decidualization in areas of uterine scarring, resulting in abnormal adherence or invasion of chorionic villi into the myometrium. Optimal outcomes in high-risk pregnancies depend on early antenatal identification using characteristic pathological and imaging findings. Current evidence supports planned cesarean hysterectomy as the safest and most definitive treatment for most patients, whereas conservative and uterus-preserving approaches should be reserved for carefully selected cases managed in specialized centers. Further progress in PAS management requires standardized diagnostic criteria, prospective evaluation of conservative strategies, and improved access to multidisciplinary expertise.

Abstract Background Prenatal care must prioritise the early detection of Fetal growth restriction (FGR), as it is a major contributing cause of postnatal problems and deaths. Early detection of risk in pregnancies for FGR plays an essential role in optimizing prenatal care and improving outcomes. Maternal serum biomarkers and uterine artery Doppler measurements during the initial trimester have been proposed as potential predictors. Aim The purpose of this research was to find the connection between uterine artery Doppler indices and maternal blood markers from the first trimester and the emergence of FGR later on. Materials and methods This retrospective study of 642 singleton pregnancies monitored at a specialized fetal medicine unit between January, 2023 and December, 2024. All women underwent first-trimester examination between 11+0 and 13+6 weeks of pregnancy, which involved evaluating PAPP-A, or pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, free beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (p-hCG), and the pulsatility index (PI) of the uterine artery via Doppler ultrasound. A birth weight below the third percentile was referred to as FGR. Results Fetal growth restriction (FGR) was diagnosed in 65 patients (10.1%). A higher mean uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) (1.93 ± 0.68) and lower maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) levels (0.56 ± 0.26 MoM) were significantly more common in affected pregnancies compared with unaffected pregnancies (PAPP-A: 1.18 ± 0.56 MoM; PI: 1.57 ± 0.45; p = 0.001 and p = 0.014, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in p-hCG levels between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed elevated uterine artery PI and low PAPP-A levels as independent predictors of FGR risk. Conclusion High uterine artery PI and decreased PAPP-A levels in the mother’s blood during the first trimester are both linked to a higher risk of fetal growth limitation. Although their predictive capacity is limited, these markers may aid in early risk stratification when used in conjunction with other clinical assessments.

The large amount of information nowadays requires building Data Centers and implementation of optimization models for storing and transferring data. The requirement of limited time of processing the network requests, are needed proper ways of redirection of data and application of algorithms programmatically in different levels. Before this, a data has to be gathered under different circumstances and to be checked if the information has been transferred successfully or not and then based on the results the counts of successful and not successful outcomes to presented and compared with predicate theory. There are many probability models, with which can be analyzed and predicted future events. In this article with the Theory of Index matrices, Graph theory and Theory of probabilities will be analyzed a stochastic process for modeling the times at which flows of a network enter a system. Because the network traffic depends on time, different scenarios of communication durations such as intrinsic time interval and endogenous jump time, will be considered and evaluated if they perform a certain condition. The most proper results of the experiments, which will be calculated with linear and exponential functions and represented with different Index matrices, can be used in machine learning of Data Center Networks.

We read with interest the article by Bobelyak and colleagues and the accompanying Editorial.However, we have serious concerns about the article's methodology and conclusions.The authors reported REMS-BMD measurements at the proximal femur in patients before and after hip arthroplasty and, based on minimal changes in BMD and variations observed with different anthropometric inputs, concluded that REMS-BMD is essentially derived from age, sex, and BMI rather than from ultrasound spectral data.This conclusion is not supported by the evidence provided, which highlight instead technical errors and misinterpretations of REMS operating principles, as detailed below.

Wells syndrome, also known as <i>eosinophilic cellulitis</i>, is a rare, relapsing inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythematous and edematous plaques, accompanied by a distinctive histopathological feature known as flame figures. Since its initial description by G. Wells in 1971, fewer than one hundred well-documented cases have been reported in both children and adults. This review summarizes the clinical, histopathological, and therapeutic aspects of Wells syndrome, with particular emphasis on diagnostic challenges and emerging treatment options. A systematic analysis of classical and contemporary literature, including case series and clinical observations, was conducted. The discussion encompasses the clinical presentation, histological characteristics, presumed etiopathogenesis, and therapeutic outcomes. Clinically, the disease manifests as acute-onset erythematous, urticarial, or annular plaques that often resemble infectious cellulitis but fail to respond to antibiotic therapy. Histopathological examination typically reveals a dense eosinophilic infiltrate with flame figures and granulomatous elements. Although the disease course is generally benign, it is prone to recurrence. Systemic corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment; however, recurrent or refractory cases may require agents such as dapsone, cyclosporine, or methotrexate. Recent advances include the use of biologic therapies targeting the IL-5 and IL-4/IL-13 pathways—such as omalizumab, mepolizumab and dupilumab—as well as JAK inhibitors, which have shown promising results in improving disease control and reducing relapse frequency. Further research is needed to establish standardized treatment protocols and optimize long-term management strategies.

At the end of World War II, following a brutal battle, the Okinawa Prefecture was occupied by American forces and placed under the administration of the United States. In 1951, the U.S. consolidated its position through the “San Francisco Peace Treaty,” according to which Japan officially ceded temporary administrative control of Okinawa Prefecture to the United States. In November 1969, an agreement was reached between the United States and Japan, and the two countries commenced official negotiations regarding the reversion of the Okinawa Islands. On June 17, 1971, the “Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands” was signed, taking effect on May 15, 1972. As a result, Okinawa Prefecture was reintegrated into Japan after a 27-year separation. This study will review various circumstances and facts that had a significant impact on the reintegration of Okinawa Prefecture into Japan.