Profusa (United States)

<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> In a rapidly changing climate, evidence-based decision-making benefits from up-to-date and timely information. Here we compile monitoring datasets (published here <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15327155" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15327155</a> Smith et al., 2025a) to produce updated estimates for key indicators of the state of the climate system: net emissions of greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers, greenhouse gas concentrations, radiative forcing, the Earth's energy imbalance, surface temperature changes, warming attributed to human activities, the remaining carbon budget, and estimates of global temperature extremes. This year, we additionally include indicators for sea-level rise and land precipitation change. We follow methods as closely as possible to those used in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Working Group One (WGI) report. The indicators show that human activities are increasing the Earth&rsquo;s energy imbalance and driving faster sea-level rise compared to the AR6 assessment. For the 2015&ndash;2024 decade average, observed warming relative to 1850&ndash;1900 was 1.24 [1.11 to 1.35] &deg;C, of which 1.23 [1.0 to 1.5]&thinsp;&deg;C was human-induced. The 2024 observed record in global surface temperature (1.52&deg;C best estimate) is well above the best estimate of human-caused warming (1.36&deg;C). However, the 2024 observed warming can still be regarded as a typical year, considering the human induced warming level and the state of internal variability associated with the phase of El Ni&ntilde;o and Atlantic variability. Human-induced warming has been increasing at a rate that is unprecedented in the instrumental record, reaching 0.27 [0.2&ndash;0.4] &deg;C per decade over 2015&ndash;2024. This high rate of warming is caused by a combination of greenhouse gas emissions being at an all-time high of 53.6&thinsp;&plusmn;&thinsp;5.2&thinsp;GtCO₂e per year over the last decade (2014&ndash;2023), as well as reductions in the strength of aerosol cooling. Despite this, there is evidence that the rate of increase in CO₂ emissions over the last decade has slowed compared to the 2000s, and depending on societal choices, a continued series of these annual updates over the critical 2020s decade could track decreases or increases in the rate of the climatic changes presented here.

.Guest editors Jessica Ramella-Roman, Amir H. Gandjbakhche, Stephen C. Kanick, Babak Shadgan, and Bruce J. Tromberg introduce and summarize the articles included in the 6-part JBO Special Section on Wearable, Implantable, Mobile, and Remote Biomedical Optics Photonics.

The transition to online education, despite many organizational, technical, legal, and ethical issues debated in society, has occurred. In special periods of time, the availability of distance education technologies becomes critical, as it is now during the recognition of the spread of coronovirus as a pandemic. Given the severity of the issue, the university administration and the pedagogical community have to solve a number of issues for the development of online courses and the design of an individual educational trajectory for each student as soon as possible. There are done the practical results and presented the problems concerning the digital educational resources creation and implementation in the oil and gas university education regarding the authors’ experience. Combining the efforts of oil and gas universities is one of the effective ways to create a single educational space of high-quality digital content, in which all stakeholders are interested (students, employers, universities and government agencies).

The results of a calculation analysis of the stress-strain state of a fragment of pipes of four sizes under working pressure are presented in the presence of an oval-shaped longitudinal incision on their inner surface, the appearance of traces of grooving corrosion. It is shown that under the influence of emerging stresses, the maximum value of which is reached in the notch bottom metal, the section of the pipe with an incision is «pressed» into the pipeline and corrodes at an increased speed exceeding the corrosion rate of an intact pipe up to 2.2 times.

There is a dire clinical need for surgical margin guidance in breast conserving therapy (BCT). We present a multispectral spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) system, spanning the visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, combined with a shielded X-ray computed tomography (CT) system, designed for intraoperative breast tumor margin assessment. While the CT can provide a volumetric visualization of the tumor core and its spiculations, the co-registered SFDI can provide superficial and quantitative information about localized changes tissue morphology from light scattering parameters. These light scattering parameters include both model-based parameters of sub-diffusive light scattering related to the particle size scale distribution and also textural information of the high spatial frequency reflectance. Because the SFDI and CT components are rigidly fixed, a simple transformation can be used to simultaneously display the SFDI and CT data in the same coordinate system. This is achieved through the Visualization Toolkit (vtk) file format in the open-source Slicer medical imaging software package. In this manuscript, the instrumentation, data processing, and preliminary human specimen data will be presented. The ultimate goal of this work is to evaluate this technology in a prospective clinical trial, and the current limitations and engineering solutions to meet this goal will also be discussed.