Quzhou College of Technology

Abstract In contemporary industrial manufacturing, the automatic detection of surface defects on metal workpieces is a crucial factor for improving product quality and enhancing production efficiency. Therefore, we introduce a novel dual-branch feature interaction network equipped with two advanced attention mechanism specifically designed for defect segmentation, named DFI-Net. Specifically, we adopt an encoder–decoder framework to facilitate effective feature learning for image processing tasks. To enrich feature interaction and improve representation capability, we build a dual-branch architecture that enables complementary information exchange between parallel pathways. Within the encoder stage, we design a bottleneck dilated convolution module and a depthwise-pooling feature mixer module to expand the receptive field and extract multi-scale contextual features. Subsequently, we integrate two specialized modules in the transition layer of the encoder and decoder. The first is a multi-dilation soft attention fusion module, which aggregates features obtained at different dilation rates and dynamically reweights them through soft attention mechanisms. The second is a large kernel attention module, which captures long-range dependencies and broader spatial patterns using expanded convolutional kernels. Finally, the proposed DFI-Net was rigorously evaluated using both the publicly available SD-saliency-900 dataset and a proprietary Bearing surface defect dataset collected from actual industrial scenarios. On the SD-saliency-900 dataset, DFI-Net achieved Dice of 0.8860, Mcc of 0.8701, and Jaccard of 0.7976. Meanwhile, on the Bearing dataset, DFI-Net obtained Dice of 0.7873, Mcc of 0.7884, and Jaccard of 0.6571. Furthermore, on the public road crack dataset DeepCrack, the DFI-Net achieved Dice of 0.8645, Mcc of 0.8612, and Jaccard of 0.7668. Experimental results across these datasets consistently demonstrated that DFI-Net exhibits high segmentation precision, strong robustness, and excellent adaptability to different defect types. In addition, comprehensive ablation studies were carried out to systematically assess the individual contributions of each component within the proposed network architecture.

To reduce the production cost of Pleurotus giganteus and to valorize agricultural waste, this study investigated the effects of substituting cottonseed hull with corn cob (a major lignocellulosic by-product of maize production) on the mycelial growth, agronomic traits, nutrient composition, commercial quality, and economic benefits of P. giganteus ‘Shenxun No.1’. The aim was to verify the feasibility of this substitution and screen optimal substrate formulations for industrial cultivation. Four substrate formulations with corn cob substitution ratios of 0% (T1), 15% (T2, control), 30% (T3), and 45% (T4) were designed, while adjusting cottonseed hull proportions to 45%, 30%, 15%, and 0%, respectively. Mycelial colonization performance, fruiting body agronomic traits (yield and cap/stipe characteristics), nutrient contents (crude protein, crude fiber, etc.), and commercial traits (marketable yield and production cost) were systematically determined and analyzed. The results showed that corn cob content exceeding 15% prolonged the substrate bag colonization time by 5–7 days, but T4 (45% corn cob) resulted in the densest mycelia with excellent structural development. In terms of fruiting bodies, T4 exhibited the highest yield in the second harvest flush and the highest total yield across three flushes. Nutritionally, crude protein content of fruiting bodies decreased by 10.48% in T4 compared to T1, while crude fiber content increased with rising corn cob proportion; no significant difference in crude polysaccharide content was observed among formulations. Importantly, corn cob substitution did not impair the commercial traits of fruiting bodies, and T4 achieved the lowest material cost per bag (0.78 CNY) with an optimal cost–benefit ratio. In conclusion, corn cob is a viable and cost-effective substitute for cottonseed hull in P. giganteus cultivation, and the 45% substitution formulation (T4) is recommended for industrial production due to its superior yield performance and economic benefits. This study provides a theoretical basis for sustainable utilization of agricultural waste and optimization of P. giganteus cultivation systems.

The exciton binding energy ( E b ) is recognized as a pivotal parameter governing charge separation in polymeric photocatalysts. Reducing E b in polymers enhances carrier generation, thereby boosting photocatalytic activity. Rationally constructing donor–acceptor (D–A) architectures in heptazine‐based polymers offers an effective strategy to overcome intrinsic excitonic limitations. In this work, CN x ( x = 0.015, 0.025, 0.05) materials with intramolecular D–A configurations were developed by integrating electron‐donating units with heptazine acceptor motifs. The optimized material CN 0.025 exhibits a 29% reduction in E b (97 → 69 meV) and extended visible‐light absorption, attributable to enhanced π‐conjugation and modulated electronic structures. Remarkably, under visible‐light irradiation, CN 0.025 achieves 97.7% degradation of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (10 ppm) within 50 min. Moreover, CN x exhibits a 29.8‐fold higher CO yield than pure g‐C 3 N 4 in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Electrochemical photocurrent measurements reveal a remarkable enhancement in the photocurrent response of CN 0.025 relative to g‐C 3 N 4 , which suggests more efficient exciton dissociation and increased carrier availability at the catalytic surface for subsequent redox reactions. This work establishes a paradigm for exciton dissociation in polymeric photocatalysts through engineered D–A nanoarchitectures.

Abstract Objective: This study investigated temporal patterns in the global burden of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in individuals aged 55 years and older, aiming to inform future public health interventions. Methods: Using data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study, which encompasses 204 countries and territories, this study examined the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with SAH in those aged 55 and over. Age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI) quintiles were used to stratify the analyses. These analyses included Joinpoint regression to detect trend changes, frontier analysis to evaluate efficiency relative to development level, and ARIMA modeling to forecast future burden. Results: From 1990 to 2021, the global incidence of SAH among individuals aged 55 and above increased by 54.5%, rising from 228,299 to 352,609 cases. However, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) declined by 32.5% (EAPC = -1.75). In contrast, the total number of deaths remained relatively stable, while the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) dropped by 57.2% (EAPC = -3.23). Although the total number of DALYs decreased only slightly, the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) fell by 23.7%, from 927.43 to 404.32 per 100,000 (EAPC = -3.12). Regionally, the burden was highest in medium and low–medium SDI areas, with ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR all peaking in medium SDI regions. Joinpoint analysis revealed that ASIR rose from 1990 to 1992, remained stable from 1993 to 1995, declined steadily from 1996 to 2013, and showed a slight upward trend from 2014 to 2021. Meanwhile, ASMR and ASDR consistently declined throughout the entire period. In 2021, the leading global risk factors for SAH-related DALYs and mortality were metabolic risks and hypertension, followed by behavioral risks, with varying contributions across SDI levels. Frontier analysis showed marked regional disparities in SAH control: some high SDI countries performed sub optimally, whereas many low SDI countries showed strong outcomes, underscoring both the potential for improvement and valuable lessons. ARIMA model projections suggest that over the next 29 years, the incidence and DALYs of SAH will continue to rise among those aged 55–69 years, while incidence in those over 70 may stabilize or decline, and overall mortality is expected to remain stable or decrease slightly. Conclusion: Although SAH incidence, mortality, and DALYs declined globally from 1990 to 2021, population aging drove a persistent increase in absolute case numbers, particularly in low- and middle-SDI regions. Projections suggest a growing disease burden among individuals aged 55–69, while mortality and disability risks remain significant in older age groups. Hypertension and metabolic abnormalities emerged as the primary modifiable risk factors, indicating the high preventability of SAH. To mitigate the global burden of SAH in aging populations, efforts should prioritize risk factor screening, healthcare capacity strengthening, rehabilitation system development, and international collaboration to facilitate tailored public health interventions.