Radom College

Background. The gut microbiota plays a key role in metabolic regulation and is increasingly recognized as a mediator of lifestyle-related health outcomes. Physical activity has emerged as a potential modulator of microbial composition and function. Aim. This narrative review aims to summarize current evidence on the relationship between physical activity and the gut microbiota and to evaluate its implications for metabolic health. Materials and Methods. A PubMed search of English-language studies published over the last 10 years was conducted to assess the effects of physical activity on the gut microbiota and metabolic health. Additional studies were identified through reference screening. Results. Regular moderate physical activity is associated with increased microbial diversity and a higher abundance of beneficial bacteria, including short-chain fatty acid producers. These changes are linked to improved glucose metabolism, reduced inflammation, and enhanced intestinal barrier function. However, excessive or prolonged high-intensity exercise may induce adverse effects, such as increased gut permeability and dysbiosis. The observed effects are strongly influenced by diet and individual factors. Conclusions. The gut microbiota represents an important mediator of exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. Combined lifestyle interventions, particularly physical activity and a fiber-rich diet, may provide synergistic benefits. Further research is needed to develop personalized strategies targeting the gut microbiota in metabolic disease prevention.

Introduction: Some species of the genus Streptococcus , which were once considered primarily animal pathogens, are increasingly causing infections in humans. They cross the interspecies barrier by gaining virulence traits typical of human pathogenic streptococci. Among cattle pathogens, the Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies has recently been identified as causing serious human infections. It can spread easily between humans. This study focuses on a species that also causes mastitis in cattle — S. uberis . Material and methods: This streptococcus colonizes both sick and healthy animals in large numbers and is widespread in their environment. The human infections described so far have involved people in close contact with cattle. In these studies, S. uberis isolates from cows with suspected mastitis were characterized and searched for gene sequences that represent them as bovine pathogens ( mtuA, sua, gapC ) — at the same time, based on published sequences of human pathogenic streptococci, genes whose products are responsible for the early stage of infection ( prtF1, prtF2, fbn, lmb, isp1, sla, hylB ) and genes whose products are responsible for streptococcal invasiveness and toxicity ( scp, dppA, sicG, sagA, slo, and ska ). Results: In addition to the characteristics and expected features of S. uberis , which are associated with their known role in bovine infections, most isolates had gene sequences derived from Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus dysgalactiae that are relevant to the pathogenesis of human diseases. These sequences have not been previously described in the Streptococcus uberis species. Conclusions: Some isolates have accumulated a significant number of them, which, if expressed, may be of concern.

Laparoscopic surgery offers clear postoperative advantages compared with open procedures, yet early somatic pain from trocar insertion sites remains a frequent concern. This narrative review examines current evidence on the effectiveness of local anaesthetic infiltration at trocar sites as an early postoperative analgesic strategy. Searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified studies evaluating pain outcomes during the first 24 postoperative hours across various laparoscopic procedures. Most trials demonstrate that local infiltration provides meaningful early pain reduction, particularly within the first 6-12 hours, regardless of whether anaesthetic is administered before incision or at closure. Longer-acting agents such as bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine generally yield more sustained relief than lidocaine. Although infiltration does not replace multimodal analgesia, it reliably enhances early comfort, may reduce opioid requirements, and aligns well with enhanced recovery principles. The technique is simple, low-risk, and easily integrated into routine laparoscopic practice, making it a practical adjunct for optimizing immediate postoperative recovery.

Urolithiasis is a common and recurrent urological condition with significant clinical and economic implications worldwide. In light of new evidence on evaluating and managing urolithiasis, this review summarizes the current literature and guidelines. The development of urolithiasis is influenced by a complex interplay of dietary, metabolic, environmental, and genetic factors, with calcium-based stones constituting the majority of cases. Patients may present with a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from severe renal colic to incidental, asymptomatic findings. Accurate diagnosis requires the appropriate use of laboratory testing and imaging modalities. Non-contrast CT is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, and ultrasonography is recommended as the primary initial tool in many clinical settings. Management strategies depend on stone size, location, symptom severity, and the presence of complications, such as infection or obstruction. Most stones are expelled spontaneously; however, effective treatment options are available, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain control, medical expulsive therapy, and minimally invasive procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. These options allow for individualized and highly successful care. Ongoing advances in imaging, medical therapy, and surgical techniques enhance outcomes, reduce recurrence rates, and lessen the overall healthcare burden posed by urolithiasis.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a transformative stage in a woman’s life, often accompanied by questions and concerns about the safety of both the mother and the developing child. Key aspects of daily life, including physical activity, diet, and work, are frequently scrutinized, with many misconceptions persisting about what constitutes a healthy pregnancy. However, scientific evidence consistently demonstrates that an active and healthy pregnancy benefits both maternal and neonatal outcomes. Aim of the study: This study aims to synthesize current knowledge on the role of physical activity during pregnancy and its impact on labor outcomes. By reviewing recent research, we seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the benefits of physical activity, address barriers to exercise during pregnancy, and highlight evidence-based recommendations. The goal is to raise awareness among healthcare providers and pregnant women about the importance of incorporating physical activity into prenatal care. Materials and methods: This study incorporated evidence from peer-reviewed articles, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials. Over 55 studies, available on PubMed and Google Scholar were analysed and critically reviewed to create a comprehensive overview of the topic. Conclusion: Physical activity during pregnancy is a vital component of prenatal care that promotes maternal and neonatal well-being. Regular exercise reduces the likelihood of pregnancy complications and improves delivery outcomes. Additionally, it offers long-term benefits for neonatal development. While current guidelines provide a general framework for exercise during pregnancy, personalized recommendations tailored to individual needs are essential to maximize safety and efficacy. This research emphasizes the importance of raising awareness among healthcare providers and pregnant women about the critical role of physical activity in improving health outcomes during pregnancy and beyond.

Introduction and purpose: Depression remains the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting the lives of nearly 300 million people. A particularly severe form of depression is treatment-resistant depression (TRD), which is associated with significant health, social, and economic problems. Its prevalence varies due to the lack of a unified definition. This paper reviews the efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of TRD. Material and methods: A comprehensive search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify studies published between 2015 and 2025 that focused on electroconvulsive therapy in the context of treatment-resistant depression. The search strategy included keywords such as “electroconvulsive therapy,” “treatment-resistant depression”, “safety of electroconvulsive therapy.’’ Relevant articles were reviewed and evaluated based on the reported outcomes and the authors’ conclusions. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects a great number of patients diagnosed with major depressive. Effective management of TRD requires appropriate pharmacotherapy, careful diagnostic evaluation and consideration of patient adherence. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) appears to be the most thoroughly researched and clinically effective method, particularly in severe cases and in populations at higher risk, such as older adults and pregnant women. Conclusions: ECT remains one of the most effective treatment alternatives for TRD, especially in patients with severe symptoms or psychotic features. Choosing between these treatments should be guided by clinical context, patient characteristics, and personal preferences. Equally important is the need to continue working on breaking the stigma around mental health conditions and ECT, by raising awareawareness, educating people, and ensuring everyone has equal access to safe and effective treatment.

Introduction and ObjectiveCaffeine is a common stimulant frequently used by young people, particularly medical students. Despite its numerous beneficial properties, it also causes various adverse effects, including addiction. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between insomnia among medical students and their caffeine consumption. Materials and MethodsThis review paper uses resources available in the Google Scholar databases. All the studies included in the review were published in 2024. The phrase "caffeine insomnia medical student" was used to search for relevant studies. These articles are available online and free-full text. ResultsMany medical students regularly consume caffeinated drinks. The reasons of using include combating fatigue, improving cognitive functions and concentration. However, its consumption is associated with negative health effects such as insomnia. Results of studies included in this review show that sleep disorders were reported by approximately 30% to nearly 50% of surveyed medical students consuming caffeinated drinks. Medical students suffering from insomnia showed worse test results. Sleep plays a crucial role in memory retention and information processing. Most of them lacked sufficient knowledge about the side effects of caffeine and the determination of a safe daily dose. ConclusionsInsomnia is a common health issue among medical students. Regular caffeine consumption increases the risk of its occurrence. The surveyed students have limited knowledge about the side effects associated with caffeine use. To raise awareness among future doctors about the serious health consequences of excessive caffeine consumption, appropriate health education should be introduced during medical studies.

This work is aimed at developing intelligent systems capable of automatically classifying types of educational materials. This will allow students to find the resources they need faster, and it will make it easier for teachers to manage content in educational platforms. The solution of the problem of recognition of information objects using fuzzy output systems and neural networks is considered. This approach combines the advantages of neural machine learning with the flexibility and efficiency of fuzzy logic, making these systems effective tools for solving problems related to fuzzy or uncertain data. An information model of a neural network for classifying information objects in e-learning systems has been developed. Experimental testing of the proposed approach was carried out on a data set, which consists of information objects from real e-learning systems, namely such as manuals, lectures, syllabuses, and textbooks. Design an adaptive mechanism that utilizes fuzzy neural networks to personalize content recommendations for students based on their learning progress and preferences, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of e-learning systems. Improve the efficiency of classification algorithms by fine-tuning neural network parameters and fuzzy logic rules, ensuring high accuracy and computational efficiency when processing large-scale educational datasets. The results of experimental studies have shown that a neural network built based on fuzzy logic is able to classify various information objects efficiently and correctly in e-learning systems. It is shown that the integration of neural networks based on fuzzy logic into e-learning systems to improve the processes of classification of information objects makes it possible to increase the efficiency of educational resources management, ensuring accuracy and flexibility in processing various data.

Abstract: The development of modern driver assistance systems, such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and its enhanced version ACC+, represents a significant step towards improving road safety. This article analyzes the operation of these systems in the context of the causes and effects of traffic accidents. Based on the reconstruction of a specific traffic incident, a detailed assessment of the impact of ACC and ACC+ on traffic safety was conducted. The study is based on the analysis of measurable technical parameters that change under varying road conditions, both with the systems activated and deactivated. The paper also discusses examples of preventive strategies for similar incidents, utilizing new technologies applied in modern vehicles. Particular attention is given to differences in vehicle behavior under various operational scenarios of ACC and ACC+ systems, with a focus on their impact on the safety of road users. This article contributes to the development of knowledge on minimizing accident risks through advanced driver assistance systems. Keywords: ACC; ACC+; Safety; Traffic