Rainforest Alliance

The breeding biology of the East Amazonian Fire-eye Pyriglena leuconota is not yet fully understood. We investigated the ecology of the northeastern subspecies, P. l. pernambucensis, in an Atlantic Forest remnant on the border between Pernambuco and Alagoas, north-east Brazil. Between 1986 and 2022, we found 40 nests between September and June, indicating a protracted breeding season. Each active nest was monitored regularly from a hide. The closed/globular/ base nest weighed on average 41.0 g and measured 17.7 × 16.8 cm. Clutch size was two eggs, measuring 24.6 × 17.9 mm, mass 4.0 g. Mean incubation and nestling periods were 15.5 and 13.1 days, respectively. Apparent nest success rate (nests where at least one nestling fledged) was 42.5%, but lower using the Mayfield method (34.1%). Nestlings were fed spiders and insects, supplemented with lizards and frogs from day ten onwards.

In Costa Rica, human-tapir conflicts are increasing, including disease transmission, as Baird's tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) move into human-altered landscapes. We investigated the death of a wild male tapir, identifying a systemic Actinomyces israelii infection. The potential of this pathogen being an emerging health threat for tapir conservation warrants further study.

ABSTRACTSustainable conversion of uneconomic rubber monocultures is essential for restoring degraded tropical rainforests and achieving the goals of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030). Here, we discuss existing ecological restoration approaches that may be applicable to converting rubber monocultures in protected and marginal areas with high conservation value but less economic potential. Before selecting restoration interventions, practitioners should conduct comprehensive assessments of landscape context, land‐use history, forest regeneration status, and resource availability. Natural forest regeneration is typically a low‐cost restoration option for rubber monocultures that have encroached into protected areas, where nearby natural forest fragments can provide seed sources. In other marginal areas, assisted natural regeneration and active planting can promote more rapid recovery. The restoration strategies outlined here can support the restoration of 1,900,000 ha of rubber monocultures in marginal zones and other economically unsustainable monoculture plantation crops, thereby making a significant contribution to global restoration targets by 2030.

We describe three new species of Pristimantis frogs from northwestern Peru on the basis of morphological and genetic differences. Pristimantis chinguelassp. nov. is similar in appearance to P. wagteri but it differs by having a longer supratympanic fold, head rounded in profile, groins and posterior surfaces of thighs in a different color pattern. Pristimantis nunezcortezisp. nov. may be confused with P. cryptomelas, but it is differentiable by having heels with a single low tubercle, skin on flanks areolate, and by lacking prominent postorbital ridges. Pristimantis yonkesp. nov. is externally similar to P. morlaco from Ecuador, but can be distinguished by being smaller, having an acuminate snout, oval palmar tubercle and lacking dentigerous processes of vomers. All species inhabit the paramos and adjacent elfin forests of the mountain ridges north of Abra de Porcuya, the lowest east-west pass in the Peruvian Andes. Despite habitat loss being evident in the area, we do not have enough data to assess their conservation status. We suggest all the new species should be placed in the Data Deficient category of the IUCN Red List.