Regional Energy Agency

We present three cases of reconstruction of complex skin defects using pedicled flaps (gracilis, pectoralis major, and TRAM), all of which postoperatively exhibited venous congestion, characterized by cyanosis, edema, and dark bleeding on pinprick. While cumulative comorbidities increased the overall risk, potential mechanical causes included pedicle torsion or compression, hematoma, and skin–muscle island mismatch. Empirical treatment included therapeutic anticoagulation, decompression (partial suture removal and punctures), and operative revision when indicated. We compared these measures against existing literature. Because venous congestion led to partial flap loss in our series, we propose prevention and management strategies, including meticulous planning, gentle surgical technique, and early intervention, all of which are crucial for successful flap salvage.

With the development of new technologies, LEDs (light-emitting diodes) take a significant position in lighting due to their long-life spans and high luminous efficacy, which result in energy and maintenance cost savings. These efficient and innovative light sources require adequate ballast or electronic control gear, also known as LED drivers, for their operation. An LED driver provides appropriate voltage level and current for the operation of LEDs. It converts and rectifies higher voltages of alternating current to lower voltages of direct current and regulates the current flowing through LEDs at a nominal level. There are many advantages and disadvantages to using LEDs, primarily caused by LED circuits and LED drivers. The dimming influence of outdoor LED lighting on the LED driver performance is analysed in this paper, specifically the testing of an LED lighting driver by changing the load level. Results of LED driver efficiency calculated from measured input and output power, output voltage ripple measurements, and total harmonic distortion analysis are shown. Based on the measurement results, significant recommendations and concluding remarks are given.

This paper presents HEP - Transmission System Operator Ltd. Line surge arrester (LSA) application pilot project on the Ston – Komolac 123 kV line. This 44 km long single circuit shielded transmission line operates in the region with a high lightning activity (keraunic level about 70 thunder days). In addition, it was very difficult to obtain good footing resistance. For these reasons, considered line used to have very bad lightning performance. It was decided to install Line surge arresters for line lightning performance improvement. In order to optimize arrester installation configuration sigma slp software simulations were performed. LSA are installed according to the results of the software simulations. LSA are installed in summer 2007 (110 gapless, IEC-class II Line arresters). Sixty one LSA are equipped with Excount - II monitoring sensors (monitoring arrester leakage current and peak of the impulse current). Based on the 8-month experience, LSA installation has improved line lightning performance. New line performance is close to the targeted once (improvement by 50 to 60 %). Surge arrester monitors collect very interesting information. Collected info will be compared with the software simulations.

Introduction. The study gives a comprehensive estimation of alternate solutions of an actual significant domestic ecological and economic problem of handling large-tonnage industrial waste: environmental contamination as a result of growing volumes of ash and slag waste (ASW), usage of ecologically dangerous objects (dumps of ashes and slag), low level of involving processed ASW as a valuable secondary resource in economic circulation. Materials and methods. The domestic and foreign publications on the problems of ASW handling, on methods and technologies of using secondary resources from the recycled ASW for production of various construction and other goods, on manufacturing organisation were analysed. The system analysis of approaches, methods and ways of the solution of the scientific problem put in the study is chosen as a research method. Results. Priority areas of the handling ASW as useful secondary raw materials with the view of as much as technically possible, ecologically admissible and economically expedient involvement of such waste in economic circulation were generated. Methodological approaches to creation of the organisational, legal and economic mechanism of regulating the ASW handling were suggested. The following concepts were formulated: “raw materials from ashes and slag”, “«from ashes and slag”, “recycling of ash and slag waste”. A set of standardization documents and methodical materials necessary for development in the considered sphere is recommended. Measures of the state support, regulation and economic incentives on the ASW recycling into raw and materials and their efficient usage as the needed goods for modern demands of industrial branches and economy sectors. Conclusions. The scientific research novelty consists in offered by the authors the scientific approach to formation of fundamental strategic methodological principles of the handling ASW as valuable secondary raw materials in the scope of economic legal relations, practical solutions on the effective optimal resolution of the assigned actual ecological and economic problem on the Russian Federation national scale.

O objetivo do paper é investigar em que medida os dados de avaliação e, em particular, os dados coletados pelo Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica (Saeb), têm sido transformados em informações úteis para subsidiar decisões conducentes à melhoria da qualidade da educação brasileira. Buscando responder a esta indagação, este artigo analisa os fatores que, de acordo com a literatura especializada, determinam a utilização dos resultados da avaliação.

In this paper, we prove the existence of a continuous spectrum for a family of discrete boundary value problems. The main existence results are obtained by using critical point theory. The equations studied in the paper represent a discrete variant of some recent anisotropic variable exponent problems, which deserve as models in different fields of mathematical physics.

A survey of the bee fauna of Araucaria Forest was performed in the border of a fragment in the district of Porto União, in Santa Catarina State. Samples were carried on monthly between October/2005 and October/2006 with hand nets directly on the flowers, besides three types of traps: chemical baits, trap nests and pantraps. A total of 1711 bees were captured belonging to 164 species, distributed in five families of bees that occur in Brazil. From the total 1339 bees of 130 species were sampled with the hand net, 346 individuals of 72 species were collected in pantraps, 24 bees of nine species were caught in the trap nests and two specimens of one species were sampled with baits. At most 48 species were common to two or more sample methods. Dialictus, with 27 species, was the most representative genus in the area. The exotic Apis mellifera L. was the most abundant species, representing 49.6% of the sampled bees, following by Dialictus sp.11 with 3.2%. The results show evidences of a seasonal pattern of activity of the bees and the importance of the use of complementary methods to survey the fauna. The composition of the bee fauna was similar to many inventories performed in the Araucaria Forest, being Halictidae the most diverse family followed by Apidae.

Este estudio analiza la aportación de México al arbitraje de inversión. Para ello, se estudian los casos en los que México ha sido parte haciendo hincapié en las aristas legales recurrentes, la respuesta de los tribunales arbitrales al respecto, comentando dudas que han generado y las respuestas que al respecto se han presentado, para concluir con sugerencias sobre los pasos a seguir con respecto a esta área.