Renewable Energies Agency

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller tuning methodologies for inductive load applications across three representative scenarios. We systematically evaluate classical methods (Ziegler-Nichols, internal model control) against global optimization algorithms (genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO)) applied to resistor-resistor-inductor (RRL) circuit models. Results demonstrate that PSO achieves superior performance for moderate-to-slow systems, reducing settling time by 84% while completely eliminating overshoot compared to Ziegler-Nichols. The algorithm automatically discovers optimal PI controller structures, simplifying implementation. However, for ultra-fast systems (time constants < 1 ms), internal model control proves more reliable, achieving 0.84 ms settling with only 0.16% overshoot. Optimized controllers demonstrate exceptional robustness, maintaining stability under ±50% parameter variations and effectively rejecting disturbances. This research provides engineers with a scenario-based framework for method selection, moving beyond heuristic tuning to achieve previously unattainable performance levels. The findings establish optimization-based tuning as a systematic, reliable approach for high-performance control system design in industrial applications.

This research aims to harness wind energy to generate power and green hydrogen as a fuel for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The wind‐generated power is divided into two parts: one alleviates Gaza's electrical need, and the other is used to produce hydrogen. The study assesses various wind turbine options, calculates electricity and hydrogen production potential, and quantifies CO 2 emission reductions compared to fossil fuel alternatives. The results shown that the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) are found to be $0.0696/kWh and $4.8/kg, respectively. The lowest levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) delivered, including transportation expenses, has a value of 5.15 $ kg −1 of H 2 . Furthermore, the results reveal that employing a Siemens SWT‐2.3‐93 turbine, which provides an annual energy output of 3910.288 MWh, may cut CO 2 emissions by up to 1071.81 tons if replacing power plants that use fuel oil and 735.134 tons if replacing those that use natural gas. Finally, a comparison of hydrogen fuel cell cars to gasoline and diesel vehicles reveal that 1 kg of hydrogen fuel cells generate 4.85 and 4.45 times more energy than 1 kg of gasoline and diesel, respectively. The findings may be valuable for decision‐makers in the surrounding countries with energy challenges.

ABSTRACTThe growing demand for energy in developing societies, coupled with dwindling conventional resources, necessitates the adoption of renewable energy (RE) sources. A comprehensive understanding of these sources and their optimal utilization is crucial. The awareness of the users plays a very important role in the effective utilization of different energy sources. Hence, this study examines the level of RE awareness in Palestine, identifying factors influencing public perception and exploring potential strategies for promoting RE adoption. This awareness depends on different factors related to the users' education level, community type, and type of building. Different factors that affect the willingness and attitude to gain knowledge about RE are presented. In addition, various practices highlighting the increasing level of awareness regarding the adoption of RE sources are investigated. In addition, the status of RE education and its potential impact on engineers have also been discussed. Various individual and institutional efforts are highlighted in the study as strategies to bridge the gap and overcome obstacles to adopting RE sources. Suggestions for better use of these resources have been highlighted. Thereafter, recommendations for effective RE implementation in Palestine are analyzed and conclusions are drawn. The main challenges in integrating RE into Palestine's existing energy grid and system include infrastructure limitations, resources and financial constraints, and political issues. Still, there are possibilities in the form of international collaboration and investment. A flexible and modular RE grid could also address some of these challenges by integrating small‐scale systems that can be scaled up as needed.