Rhode Island Sea Grant

Abstract This chapter summarizes the preceding chapters and concludes that urban aquaculture, particularly using recycled wastewater, presents unlimited opportunities and potential in the development of future sustainable urban ecosystems.

Africa history of aquaculture 7, 8±9 silvofisheries 194 village-based aquaculture ecosystems 145±57 ecological footprints 151±2 economic threshold for commercial transformation 156±7 environment, economics and food security 152±3 information transfer and sustained adoption 154±5 productivity and 149, 155±6 realization of potential 153±4 research for development of 147±9 technology adoption and transmission 149±50 agriculture 3 irrigation 3, 7, 11, 103 integrated fish and field crop system for arid areas 280±83 origins of 5±6, 9, 11 pollution and 104, 353 sustainability and 105 use of tilapia as fertilizer or feed 137±8 allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) hybridization 53, 54 allozyme electrophoresis 51, 58 Americas history of aquaculture 7, 18±19 see also Hawaii anchovies 319 arid area aquaculture 263±84 feeding 274 future research 283±4 integrated field crop production 280±83 stocking rates 269±73 water consumption 279±80 water quality management 275±9 Asia history of aquaculture 7, 9±13, 20, 21, 24, 25±6, 104 see also individual countries assessment methods participatory 108±10 role of aquaculture in restoration of coastal fisheries 320±22 Audubon Society 364 Australia 5 behavior escape of cultured species and 81, 93 stock enhancement and 326±7 Benin 7 biochemical cycles 206±10 bream 20 Britain 17±18, 345, 362±3 brown trout, interbreeding with escaped salmon 89 Brundtland Commission 118, 358 cage aquaculture ecosystems in hydropower reservoirs 286±309 analysis of successes and failures 299±301 ensuring sustainability 305±6 equity and rural poor and 304±5

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The case study of resettlement aquaculture in Indonesia Institutional framework and planning process Farming systems extensions and training programs Traditional training methods Farmer participatory traning methods Establishment of community integrated aquaculture schools Farmer-to-farmer visits Study tours to nations with relevant experiences Short-term analysis of successes and failures Problems and lack of sustainability of the aquaculture resettlement option (1994–present) The lack of social sustainability: aquaculture's role in equity and the rural poor The lack of environmental sustainability: how to ensure sustainability of cage aquaculture production in tropical reservoirs Conclusions

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Research to develop VAEs in Africa Impacts on farm productivity Technology adoption and transmission Ecological footprints Environment, economics and food security Realizing the potential Information ttransfer and sustained adoption Improvements in productivity Economical threshold for commercial transformation

The Salton Sea is an endorheic, 980-km2 salt lake in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. The historical fish community switched from freshwater to marine species as salinity increased due to evaporation and brackish water inflows. Three species, bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), and sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), established from introductions beginning in 1929. Thirty-four marine fish species from the northern Gulf of California were introduced between 1929 and 1956. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus×O. urolepis hornorum) invaded the Salton Sea and became dominant by numbers and weight. Research has shown that nearshore and estuarine areas have the highest catch rates of tilapia (over 11 kg/50 m net/h). Orangemouth corvina, bairdiella, sargo, and the hybrid tilapia grew faster, but had shorter life spans than conspecifics elsewhere, and Salton Sea conspecifics of 50 years ago. All four species aggregated along the nearshore and estuarine areas in the summer for reproduction and relief from low oxygen conditions in the pelagic areas of the marine lake. Restoration alternatives for the Salton Sea must recognize the value of estuarine and nearshore areas as essential fish habitats for the Salton Sea fisheries ecosystem.