Robert Bowne Foundation

The timing of life-cycle events (phenology) is key to organism ecology and success. Climate change is shifting phenology to earlier dates globally, but generalizable trends of how phenological change impacts demography are still unknown. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the effects of interannual phenological variation and phenological shifts on demographic vital rates (survival, growth, and reproduction). Our dataset includes 138 taxa from 83 studies, representing different study approaches (observational and experimental) for plants and animals. Using these data, we asked three primary questions: 1). How does phenological variation affect demographic vital rates? 2). Are directional shifts in phenology predictive of changes in demographic vital rates? 3.) Do relationships between phenology and demography depend on taxa, vital rate, and study type? For studies of phenological variation, earlier events conferred demographic benefits whereas later events were associated with demographic costs, with most of the evidence coming from bird and reproduction-focused studies. In contrast, directional phenological shifts were not predictive of demographic responses over time or in experiments. While there was evidence that phenological events shifted earlier through time, there was not significant change in demographic vital rates over those same time periods. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that organisms may be able to track environmental conditions to maintain demographic performance by shifting their phenology to earlier dates under climate change. Critically, our meta-analysis clarifies that while earlier phenological events tend to confer demographic benefits in the context of phenological variation, directional phenological shifts to earlier timing did not show demographic benefits.