Rotunda – The Center for Human Reproduction

Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) possess several key properties of normal cells including self -renewal, unlimited proliferative potential, infrequent or slow replication. Leukemia initiating cells (LICs) refer to all cells with leukemia- initiating potential and/or LSC capacity. Actually, our definition for leukemia initiating cells requires that those cells should be capable of self-renewal which resulting in the appearance of progeny that share the ability of self-renew as well.

Microfluidic technology with the advancement in biosensor technologyhas reached the arena of hospital set up leading to improvement in diagnostic as well as therapeutic fields with respect to various analytes,drug metabolites,delivery of drugs.Further enhancement has resulted in developments of cellular constructs right from tissues and various organs in the form of ‘’heart on a chip’’,or any organ on a chip’’ which involves any system of the body be it CVS,respiratory system,nervous,excretory ,digestive,skin or reproductive system both mimicking the normal physiology as well as pathologies which makes it easier to use it in the field oftreating any diseases as well as treating various cancers and testing the side effects of any drugs before delivering with cutting the cost on animal studies,since these BioMEMS have started becoming cheaper utilizing nano litres of the reagent and capacity to carry out umpteen tests in smaller volumes of samples and reagents.This review basically goes into the detail of organ on chipor biological /biomedical microelectrico-mechanical systems(BioMEMS)in medicinewith respect to different tissue engineering projects be it tissue transplantation or discovering newer drugs for treating cancer

Brown adipose tissue(BAT)portrays a specialized tissue, possessing a crucial part in metabolism as well as energy expenditure(EE) via adaptive non shivering thermogenesis .Recently it has assumed a significant part in the treatment of obesity along with metabolic disease.The thermogenesis action of BAT is brought about by uncoupling protein1 (UCP1 ),that uncouples adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation from oxidation of energy substrates.Having reviewed earlier various aspects of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathophysiology,treatment,role in trans generational PCOS transferalong with role of BAT pathophysiology,beige/brite adipocytes in the treatment of obesity along with metabolic disease here we decided to further evaluate the possible part of (BAT in PCOS. Thus anarrative review was carried out using the pubmed, Web of Science , Medline, Embase, Cochrane reviews, and Google Scholar, Search engine with the MeSH Terms;PCOS; impaired lipid metabolism; Brown Adipose tissue (BAT); White Adipose tissue(WAT); oxidative stress;inflammation;obesity ;T2DM); Type 1 diabetes (T1D); role of natural substances for PCOStherapy like rutin ,berberine;resveratrol ; weight reduction; browning of WAT ;Macrophage Polarization from 1990 till date in 2023.We found a total of 250 articles ,out of which we selected 100 articles for this review.No meta-analysis was done.The endocrine action of brown Adipocytes impacts the energy balanceof glucose as well as lipid homeostasis thus impacting the correlation of BAT activity along with metabolic profile . PCOS mirrors a , complicated reproductive as well asmetabolic condition of women in their reproductive age . functional aberrations in adipose tissue have been illustrated in PCOS patients .Multiple studies have illustrated that BAT possesses the capacity of controlling the properties of PCOS as well as escalating BAT mass/activity were efficacious in the therapy of PCOS. Via cold stimulation,BAT transplantation as well as activationwith substances like rutin hypoglycemia can be attained.

It has been reasoned out that induction of greater quantities of Reactive oxygen (ROS) with in the tumor cells is a cancer treatment strategy known as Chemodynamic therapy (CDT).Depending on the administration of Fenton reaction facilitators like Fe 2+ , CDT benefits from the fact that over generated ROS amongst the tumor microenvironment.Production of a peptides-H2S donor conjugate (PHDC) which was complexed with Fe 2+ known as AAN-PTC-Fe 2+ was achieved by Zhu., et al.This AAN-tripeptide was particularly cleaved by legumain, an enzyme which was over expressed in glioma cells for liberation of carbonyl Sulfide (COS).Whereas COS hydrolysis by enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) which generated H2S, a hampering agent of catalase (CAT), an enzyme which leads to detoxification of H2O2.Fe 2+ in combination with H2S escalated intracellular ROS quantities as well as diminished viability in C6 glioma cells in contrast to controls having absence of either Fe 2+ , AAN sequence or capacity of production of H2S.AAN-PTC-Fe 2+ worked better compared to temozolomide whereas demonstrating no cytotoxicity against cardiomyocytes.Hence this study illustrated an H2S-augmented, enzyme responding manifesto regarding synergistic cancer treatment.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is one of the most harassing situations in the context of reproductive endocrinology with 1-3% of couples trying for conception encounter this result [1].Despite A Model for Anticipating Successful Pregnancy in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) Round the Corner -A Short Communication

Whereas we have been working regarding the browning of WAT for practically last 2 decades in obesity research, whiteningof BAT as an obesity-correlated complication possessing metabolic along with health aspects has not got considerableimportance. Here our aim has been to focus on why there is an escalation of BAT whitening which by itself becomes aconsiderable cause of obesity and its complications. Here we have paid attention to Natural factors, High Fat Diet, Ageing,part of nicotine, thermo neutrality, Serotonin, Glucocorticoids obesogens, Dechlorane plus endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs), like wide spectrum of consumer products, like tobacco, flame retardants, as well as pesticides which we are exposedin common day to day life apart from consumption of nicotine in the prenatal or lactation exposure to the offspring as well as the origin of chronic diseases beyond infancy. Furthermore our concentration has been over how autophagy, inflammation, along with dysfunctional angiogenesis “vascularization” are central events involved in BAT/beige AT whitening of these we have detailed role of VEGF-A besides role of Bevacizumab its antibody , capillary rarefaction as well as hypoxia in a little detail. Ageing is a natural event. When BAT starts receding specifically in females direct association of BAT with reproduction is seen & apparently FSH antibody is acknowledged to revert post menopause and post-andropause diminished metabolic rate that is associated with escalated visceral adiposity in addition to escalate longevity. Moreover, recently the group of Vatner, et al. have discovered that interference with the Regulator of G protein signaling14 (RGS14) in mice escalates healthy lifespan, modulation by escalated BAT. Thus RGS14 seems to be a target that’s hampering apparently escalated longevity in addition to BAT. Capillary rarefaction impacts numerous organs .Hence avoidance of smoking in pregnancy might be a significant long term factor in preventing chronic diseases beyond infancy specifically in males in view of females get protected by estrogen. Thus greater focus is needed to avoidance of whitening of BAT to combat the epidemic of obesity. Too much misuse of dexamethasone prescription needs to be avoided since post covid era.

Aim Obesity is increasing globally by leaps and bounds and thus the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) along with it so much so that the term diabesity had to be coined. Earlier we had reviewed how to treat the both together and the role of empagliflozin to improve cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOT). Similarly T2DM and hypertension are pathophysiologically-related diseases which co-exist with a broader complex of metabolic diseases which co-exist possessing similar set of risk factors. Hence it is important to consider which antihypertensives are suitable that possess a positive effect on metabolic factors in cases of T2DM who require an antihypertensive. Method A systematic review was carried out using the PubMed search engine with the MeSH terms: “T2DM”; “essential hypertension; “cardiovascular (CV)”; “Complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) and antihypertensive”; “Antihypertensive preferred in T2DM subjects”; “Renin-angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors”; “Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)”; “Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)”; “Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker”; “β2 blockers”; “Diuretics”. Discussion Most diabetes mellitus (DM) subjects need a minimum of two antihypertensive drugs, combining a renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAS) inhibitor with a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker seems to be the most indicated approach. But not all dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers have equivalent effects on metabolic parameters. Hence manidipine that causes positive effect on insulin resistance (IR) seems to be an effective option. We have reviewed how manidipine is superior to amlodipine with regards to improving IR, not seen with amlodipine, along with not causing excessive sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation, pulse pressure and ankle edema or to much lesser extent than amlodipine. Therefore, manidipine needs to be the first addition to RAS inhibitors in case of DM’s having hypertension of the dihydropyridines calcium channel blockers. Further good blood pressure (BP) control been correlated with good CVs outcomes. Conclusion A RAS inhibitor is the first line of choice of drugs in a subject with T2DM who needs to be treated with empagliflozin for better CVOT outcome, and when a 2nd drug has to be added it is manidipine that is preferred over amlodipine. Plant products are proving to be having a lot of beneficial effects in DM, obesity and hypertension. Thus need for developing agents from plants will prove to be more cost effective in these chronic diseases where compliance is difficult to achieve with the use of common antiDM drugs and antihypertensives with the cost factor along with their side effects.

We had reviewed on various aspects of COVID-19-disease from structure, presentation management, pregnancy and lactation, management of severe COVID-19-disease and effects on reproductive system [1-5]. Here we have emphasized on the GIT involvement aspect, besides liver and implications on endoscopy practice worldwide in, COVID-19 era. Digestive symptoms including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (N, V, D) -frequently reported in patients with COVID-19-disease [CD]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was first detected in stool of the 1 st reported CD-19 case in the USA, who also presented with the digestive symptoms of (N, V, D). In the biggest cohort-1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed CD-19 from 552 hospitals in China in January 2020, N, V, D were reported in 55 (5%) and 42 (3.8%) patients, respectively. Of the 204 patients with CD-19 and full investigations, 99 (48.5%) presented with digestive symptoms as main complaint. Patients with digestive symptoms had separate manifestations, like anorexia (83.8%), V,

There is increasing prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence with WHO paying marked attention for the global prevention of same with the public health problem it has assumed. Hence we decided to do a comprehensive review on this topic. We searched pubmed articles with the MeSH terms childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, causes of childhood obesity, management and epidemiology criteria of defining the same in various geographica areas of the world. In this aspect we found 10, 300 articles from 1960-2018 but of these only 90 articles were there after ruling out duplicate ones which we decided to use for the review. No metaanalysis was done. We selected articles pertaining to different geographical areas representing diagnostic criteria from countries like China, a large developing country to countries like Japan, USA, UK which are more developed. BMI and WC percentile curves in China, POW and BMI reference range for Japan, International Obesity Task Force (IOTF ) criteria were used in Chilea, Singapore, Holland, USAand Great Britain besides using WHO updated BMI criteria. Success of implementing various educational, medical and public health interventions in some developed countries has resulted in plateauing of this increasing incidence yet in developing countries like china it is still a challenge. Further role of increasing prevalence of childhood obesity related to the developmental hypothesis of health and disease [DOHa D), maternal resource hypothesis, with effect of intrauterine fetal environment affecting fetal metabolism, infant feeding all influence development of childhood obesity and importance of tracking obesity from infancy to childhood and from childhood to adulthood for prevention of development of severe type2diabetesand other metabolic syndrome related diseases.

Obesity is assuming epidemic proportions. We don’t have any medical therapy that can be used for long term. Although bariatric Surgery (BS) results in immediate weight loss neither it can be afforded by all individuals nor is it safe with the comorbidities of obesity. Hence it has become essential to understand the etiopathology of increasing obesity by leaps and bounds to get a long-term sustainable cure. Volkow, et al. gave a comparison of obesity, simulating that of patients of drugs of abuse, where compulsive intake of tasty food, that is high in lipids and sugars, much >the metabolic requirements. Although hypothalamus remains the basic area where integration of circulating signals like leptin, ghrelin and nutrients occurs from the periphery further it is influenced by both higher centers along with sensory influences like tastes and smell along with emotional states. Earlier we had reviewed how different higher centers influence hypothalamus for final intake of food, here we discuss in detail the role of mesolimbic pathways as far as the rewarding part of feeding is concerned. Role of dopamine signaling, its receptors and genes controlling are further discussed in detail.