Rusal (Ireland)

حاولتُ في هذا الدراسة أن أبحث منهج الشيخ اسماعيل بن أحمد الحيري في كتابه (وجوه القرآن) الذي يعدُ أوسع وأهم المؤلفات التي أهتمت بإظهار وبيان الألفاظ القرآنية، ذات دلالات متعددة، تشتمل على مصاديق خاصة تارة أو دلالات ومعان مجازية أو معانٍ مترادفة يمكن تحديد السياق والقصد منها تارة أُخرى، وإنَّ اقتصار الكتاب على ألفاظ معينة يجمعها رابط معين، يعدُّ من المنهج، وقد أجاد المؤلف بعرضِ مادته، وقد ذكر شيئاً منها في المقدمة، وهو ما قلل الصعوبة للقارئ، وقد حاول البحث بيان منهج الكتاب في عرض المادة، وفي تحليل دلالة الألفاظ القرآنية، المتحدة في ألفاظها، والتي دارت على معان مختلفة، فقام على مقدمة تكلمنا فيها على مضمون البحث، وبيان الخطة التي سار عليها الباحث في عرض تقسيمات مادة البحث .

The electron mirror phenomenon has been explored to describe the behavior of a probing electron trajectory inside the chamber of scanning electron microscope (SEM). This investigation has been carried out by means of the modulated mirror plot curve technique. This method is based on expanding sample potential to a multipolar form to detect the actual distribution of the trapped charges. Actually an experimental result is used to guiding results of this work toward the accurate side. Results have shown that the influence of each type of multipolar arrangement (monopole, dipole, quadruple, octopole … etc.) mainly depends on the driving potential.

One of the most important things about clean electric power at present is the use of alternative sources that are harmful to nature. Solar cells are one of the most important sources of clean energy for electricity production, and the issue of increasing the efficiency of the requirements governing the manufacture of solar cells. The perovskite cells like methyl-ammonium lead tri iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) of the promising cells and the process of technological development to manufacture these cells are urgent priorities. Development includes window materials used Electron Transport Layer (ETL). Cadmium sulfide CdS in wurtzoid instead of wurtzite structure has been used as windows for perovskite solar cell. CdS in wurtzoid structure as a window was produced by pulse laser deposition (PLD) on a Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) substrate as a first step to perform perovskite solar cell; (FTO/Compact Wurtzoid - CdS/CH3NH3PbI3 / PEDOT: PSS / Cu), where Poly ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) was used as the hole transport layer (HTL). Composition and crystal structure of the thin films and powder preparation samples were studied by X- Ray Diffraction (XRD), beside calculations of lattice constants, crystallite size, dislocation density and micro strain. Light I-V Measurement Test Reports were recorded by manual photovoltaic measurements system. Optical properties such as the absorption, the energy gap and transmittance of the film coated are investigated by UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometer. Results of efficiency were shown that the new solar cell has excellent stability and good performance with efficiency reaches 19.3%.