Russian Foreign Trade Academy

Subject. Currency crisis as an attribute of the permanent transformation of the global monetary system. Objectives. To determine the essential principles of the currency crisis as a financial and economic phenomenon and, based on a long-term retrospective analysis of the dynamics of currency crises, identify trends and factors in the development of the currency crisis in the context of the transformation of the global monetary system. Methods. General scientific methods of cognition are used: formalization, abstraction, analysis and synthesis, logic, as well as statistical and graphical methods. Results. The main approaches to the identification of currency crises are presented: the nominal approach, the approach of international reserves and the approach of speculative pressure. Through the definition of the key attributes of the currency crisis, its essence as a financial and economic phenomenon is revealed, obvious and latent signs of currency crises are highlighted. The article contains the results of an analysis of the retrospective dynamics of the exchange rate in 70 countries from 1800 to 2024, which made it possible to identify currency crises, the number and frequency of their occurrence in country and time terms. To predict currency crises, a hypothesis has been put forward for the existence of global currency cycles, which are assumed to be derived from commodity, financial and technological supercycles. Indicators of early warning of cyclical currency crises are proposed. Conclusions. A currency crisis can be defined as a situation of sudden, significant, and prolonged decline in the value of a national currency relative to foreign currencies. Suddenness, materiality and duration are the main attributes (principles) of the currency crisis as a financial and economic phenomenon that determine its essence. Based on economic logic, it is possible to hypothesize that the change in the exchange rate is cyclical. Currency supercycles are derived from commodity, financial, or technological supercycles.

In this article, the author notes the completed importation of the concept of “representations and warranties” from English law into Russian law. A number of arguments are presented demonstrating the discrepancy between the objectives of the institution of representations and warranties in English law and the objectives underlying Article 431.2 of the Russian Civil Code. The author draws attention to the absence of requirements for the form of expression of representations in Article 431.2 of the Russian Civil Code. Particular attention in the article is paid to the provision of representations regarding facts of the past, present and future. The author puts forward proposals for adjusting the provisions of Article 431.2 of the Russian Civil Code, which can be taken into account by the Russian legislator when revising the provisions of the articles of the Russian Civil Code.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched by China in 2013, brings together over 65 countries in an infrastructure and trade development project with investments exceeding $1 trillion. The growth of cross-border transactions gives rise to disputes — commercial, investment, environmental — requiring effective settlement mechanisms. This paper analyzes the practice of resolving such conflicts with a focus on arbitration, examining international experience and Russian specifics. Cases from the practice of the SIAC, ICSID, CIETAC and Russian permanent arbitration centers have been studied. Based on the comparative legal method, problems of enforcement of decisions and jurisdictional conflicts are identified. The novelty of the study lies in its proposal of hybrid dispute resolution mechanisms combining arbitration and mediation, adapted for Russia. The recommendations for the creation of unified arbitration platforms are of practical significance for BRI participants. The relevance of the study is driven by the increasing number of disputes within the BRI and the need to analyze their resolution in the context of globalization and the strengthening role of Russia as China’s strategic partner in this project. The growth of cross-border operations has revealed significant gaps in legal mechanisms, especially where different legal traditions collide — from the civil law of Europe and Russia to the common law in Asian and African countries, as well as the Chinese legal system with its unique features. The purpose of this paper is to examine dispute resolution practices within the BRI, with a particular focus on arbitration mechanisms, analyze international experience and Russian specifics, and propose ways to improve these processes in light of modern challenges.

The issue of expanding container transportation logistics geography in Russia has been considered. During the analysis of organizing sea lines experience in the Soviet Union, it has been determined that the Soviet merchant fleet ensured both the country’s transport sovereignty and the transport services export within the framework of servicing the trade of third countries. Currently, the country’s transport complex adaptation to the new conditions of foreign economic activity and new linear container services launch have led to establishing sustainable logistics in communication with key partners, including China, Turkey, India, etc. Container services establishment in communication with the East Africa and Latin America countries will contribute to the export flows diversification and growth of trade turnover with “friendly” countries. Redirecting cargo flows to the North–South international transport corridor and the Northern Sea Route will ensure uniform loading of the transport infrastructure and create competition among different configurations of container services. The high potential of cooperation with the business of the BRICS countries has been noted: in the port logistics segment, in shipping during new container services launch, and in shipbuilding to ensure mutual trade in the necessary tonnage.

Objective: the article explores the possibility and prospects of applying a civilizational-value approach in strategic planning, which is new and unconventional for this field of knowledge. The authors set out to show how taking into account cultural, historical and spiritual values can increase the effectiveness of managerial impact on developing and ensuring Russia’s national security.Methods: historical and philosophical methods, systematization and extrapolation of modern problems, the natural-scientific method of interdisciplinary analysis, the method of axiology. These approaches made it possible to comprehensively consider the role of civilizational-value factors in strategic planning.Results: based on the key role of strategic planning in ensuring national security, the authors attempted to apply these foundations to strategic planning, bearing in mind the main goal – to increase the effectiveness of its management impact on development and security. To this end, the article discusses the role and place of the civilizational-value approach in strategic planning.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the authors substantiated the need to integrate civilizational-value factors into the strategic planning paradigm in Russia. New concepts such as “cumulative national power” and “humanitarian and technological revolution” were proposed, which expand the theoretical basis of the economic phenomenon under study.Practical significance: the research sets a fundamentally new approach for further studies on the civilizational-value approach to strategic planning aimed at ensuring security, strengthening national identity and sovereignty of Russia. This approach will turn strategic planning into a real political tool aimed at shaping Russia’s future image based on adaptability to threats and challenges, innovation and resource flexibility, as well as sovereignty in choosing forms and methods for solving critical managerial tasks.

Subject. This article discusses the ecosystem functions of forests and climate change. Objectives. The article aims to assess the potential of forest resources of Russia and identify key areas for their utilization. Methods. For the study, I used the logical and statistical analyses. Results. The article identifies a key problem in Russia's forestry that is the implementation of forest use under an extensive operational model that does not align with the principles of sustainable development. Conclusions. The implementation of the ecosystem functions of forests should be a main area when developing a qualitatively new strategy for forest use. It is necessary to create conditions under which businesses will be interested in the realization of forest-climate projects.

The EU policy in the post-Soviet space enters a new stage of development after the collapse of the USSR and continues to arouse scientific interest due to the evolution of strategic approaches and priorities. European projects, particularly the Association and Partnership Agreements, lead to the development of internal contradictions within the framework of the growing integration in the Eurasian Economic Union and the CIS. This article analyzes the strategic approaches and priorities of the EU in relation to the countries of the post-Soviet space based on the analysis of official documents. The study applies methods of political risk analysis. The obligations of the former USSR states to the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union are compared. The analysis results in the conclusion that the risks associated with the political dialogue with the EU are primarily linked to the fact that reforms provide for autonomous development, while the CIS and EAEU strategy provides for the harmonization of the legislation of the participating countries. It is noted that the EU actively supports the initiative of the Central Asian countries to create a common space in the region. Regarding individual countries of the South Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia), there are obvious signs of political destabilization in connection with projects for the prospect of joining the EU. The risks associated with the EU's attempt to exert political pressure and interfere in the reform process in the CIS and EAEU countries are also noted.

Aim. The work aimed to develop the management theory in clarifying the category of leasing technologies and disclose its content within the scientific, practical, managerial, process, and digital aspects.Objectives. The work seeks to analyze approaches to the interpretation of the concepts of leasing and technology, to reveal their evolution, to substantiate the definition of the concept of leasing technology, to generate a conceptual framework in the context of leasing technologies.Methods. The author used general methods of scientific knowledge, including analysis and synthesis, concrete and abstract, historical and logical, highlighting the general, special and individual, in various aspects, to consider the issue of substantiating the feasibility of introducing the concept of leasing technologies into scientific and practical circulation.Results. The work novelty consists in the development of management theory in clarifying the category of leasing technologies. The expediency of introducing the concept of leasing technologies into scientific and practical circulation was substantiated based on the comprehensive analysis and generalization of approaches to the definitions of the concepts of leasing and technology. The work proposes the author’s interpretation and discloses the concepts of leasing technologies (scientific aspect), leasing technologies (practical aspect), leasing technologies (managerial aspect), leasing technologies (process aspect), leasing technologies (business aspect), leasing technologies (digital aspect).Conclusions. The theoretical apparatus presented in this article reveals the content of the leasing technology category in various aspects. This enables to use it in substantiating the directions for improving leasing activities and developing on this basis the methods, provisions, recommendations, and practical techniques that contribute to increasing the efficiency of leasing for all participants in leasing operations and transactions.

Objectives of the study. The subject of the article touches upon topical issues of application of Russian foreign trade prohibitions and increased customs duties based on the country of origin of foreign goods. Special economic and retaliatory measures are compared with measures of customs tariff and non-tariff regulation. The duties of confirming the country of origin of imported goods are considered. The legal grounds for the mandatory submission to customs authorities of certificates of origin for goods similar to those prohibited to be imported to the country or those subject to increased rates of customs duties are investigated. Retaliatory measures provided for by the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union and retaliatory measures introduced in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on foreign trade activities are analyzed. The problems of information interaction with foreign structures authorized to issue certificates of origin of goods are shown. Conclusions. Legal assessment of the state enforcement of the requirements of national anti-sanction measures reveals normative shortcomings of the procedure for confirming the country of origin of imported goods. The necessity for participants in foreign trade activities to submit certificates of origin is based not on a notion of a direct obligation, but is presumed by the risk of importing prohibited goods or goods subject to increased rates of customs duties. The formal possibility of non-compliance with special economic and retaliatory measures also remains in cases of importation of goods from countries that are parties to free trade agreements. The impossibility of obtaining the relevant documents from countries unfriendly to Russia encourages the search for a legal alternative to certificates of origin.

The article proposes a novel approach to data management in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A), based on the integration of end-to-end digital technologies and artificial intelligence methods. Unlike existing studies that primarily focus on individual stages of a transaction, a comprehensive data management model is developed, covering the entire M&A lifecycle–from pre-investment analysis to post-integration monitoring. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a managerial decision-making algorithm based on predictive analytics and self-learning models, as well as in the introduction of a systemic management integrator concept that ensures end-to-end digital coordination among all transaction participants. The practical significance of the research consists in improving the accuracy of investment decisions, reducing risks, and accelerating the achievement of synergistic effects.