Russian Space Systems

Some plans on further development of the SPHERE experiment are presented. Namely, reasons for the introduction of an additional detector of the angular distribution of Cherenkov light, pointed at zenith, are given. It can only work together with the main telescope but can yield important information on the primary particle direction and mass. Construction and capabilities of the detector are discussed, draft algorithms for direction definition are revealed, and sensitivity to the primary mass is shown.

The concept of a spacecraft for collecting space debris assumes that its orbit continuously changes in relation to the location of space debris in various orbits. The highest density of space debris, which is 10–6 t/km3, is observed at orbital altitudes of 800–1000 and 1400–1500 km with an inclination of 60°–80°. To this end, stable trajectories in the sense of Zhukovskii should be determined. We propose a method for selecting the orbit of a space debris collector, including a robotic spacecraft, using the theorem on the stability of trajectories in the sense of Zhukovskii.

A screen that absorbs electromagnetic radiation has been proposed, a micromachine technology for its production has been developed based on volumetric microprocessing of single-crystalline silicon, experimental samples have been manufactured, and their characteristics have been studied. It is shown that in the measurement frequency range of 14.7–26.7 GHz there is a smooth increase in the attenuation introduced by the absorbing screen with increasing frequency to a maximum value of 20–23 dB at a frequency of about 20 GHz, and then a smooth decline. The amount of attenuation increases as the length of the screen increases and can reach any value. The manufactured samples of the absorbing screen provide significant attenuation in the required frequency range with a small substrate thickness and can be successfully used in space equipment to ensure electromagnetic compatibility.

Basic mechanisms of SET effects in bipolar transistors fabricated by epitaxial planar and SOI technologies were investigated in wide temperature range. Obtained results can be useful for developing of models for circuit simulations of SEE effects in bipolar devices.

One of the main problems of solar space power plants is the high-precision guidance and direction retention of the energy transmission device. High-precision guidance and retention of an energy signal requires the development of both the guidance and retention system as a whole, and the mathematical apparatus for its description. The article proposes a mathematical description of the pointing and holding method through continuous scanning.

Nowadays, design and development of legged quadruped robots is a quite active area of scientific research. In fact, the legged robots have become popular due to their capabilities to adapt to harsh terrains and diverse environmental conditions in comparison to other mobile robots. With the higher demand for legged robot experiments, more researches and engineers need an affordable and quick way of locomotion algorithm development. In this paper, we present a new open source quadruped robot HyperDog platform, which features 12 RC servo motors, onboard NVIDIA Jetson nano computer and STM32F4 Discovery board. HyperDog is an open-source platform for quadruped robotic software development, which is based on Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) and micro-ROS. Moreover, the HyperDog is a quadrupedal robotic dog entirely built from 3D printed parts and carbon fiber, which allows the robot to have light weight and good strength. The idea of this work is to demonstrate an affordable and customizable way of robot development and provide researches and engineers with the legged robot platform, where different algorithms can be tested and validated in simulation and real environment. The developed project with code is available on GitHub. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>

Non-destructive testing of residual stresses is an urgent task in the production of responsible expensive products in mechanical engineering. An example of such products are special pipes. The straightness of special pipes is one of the most important operational characteristics, to which high requirements are imposed. Residual stresses arising at different stages of production in the material of special pipes, their unacceptable level and unbalance lead to a deviation from the straightness of the finished products. Acoustic methods based on the phenomenon of acoustoelasticity are the most promising methods for non-destructive testing of residual stresses. However, when using them, precision accuracy of measuring the speed (time) of propagation of ultrasonic vibrations is required. One of the ways to improve the accuracy of measuring the propagation velocity of ultrasonic vibrations is the use of thermo-optical generation of acoustic vibrations. The purpose of this work is to develop a technique for non-destructive testing of residual stresses in the material of special pipes using an acoustic method with thermo-optical generation of acoustic vibrations. The article describes the main methodological approaches to measuring residual stresses in special pipes.

The article examines the concepts of resolving power and spatial resolution (linear, limiting, diffraction) in analog (photographic) and digital (optoelectronic) aerospace ERS systems. It was found that the foreign criterion for assessing the limiting geometric resolution of the remote sensing system of remote sensing on the terrain, the GSD criterion, is inadequate for assessing the linear spatial resolution. Its use in the design of the remote sensing system impedes the matching of the lens and the digital detector according to the Nyquist criterion. This leads to information and financial losses. It is shown that the GSD criterion characterizes the minimum size of an object perceived by the remote sensing system on the earth’s surface, and not the minimum distance between two separately observed (resolvable) objects, that is, the concept of “limiting resolution” is closer to the concept of “sharpness” of the image, and not to the concepts of “resolution” and “spatial resolution”, and therefore cannot be used to assess the spatial resolution and design of the remote sensing system. It was found that to assess the quality and design of ERS systems, it is necessary to use the Russian criterion for assessing the instrumental linear spatial resolution of ERS systems on the terrain, the RSS criterion, which gives a real assessment of the spatial resolution, allows the projected ERS systems to be matched according to the Nyquist criterion with a design excellence factor equal to one (K = 1), and provides the ability to achieve the diffraction limit of the linear spatial resolution of the ERS systems on the terrain. In order to avoid further erroneous use of the foreign GSD criterion in the Russian Federation, it is proposed to standardize the domestic RSS criterion with the Russian GOST and use it to assess the quality and design of remote sensing systems.

НЕТРАДИЦИОННАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПРОБЛЕМ РЕШЕНИЯ ЗАДАЧ НАВИГАЦИОННО-БАЛЛИСТИЧЕСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ КОСМИЧЕСКИМИ АППАРАТАМИТюлин А