Ryazan State Agrotechnological University

Introduction. Deicing liquids for pre-flight treatment of aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles contain glycols, surfactants, thickeners and corrosion inhibitors, which provide their functional properties, but have a negative impact on the aircraft structural elements reducing corrosion resistance and mechanical characteristics, and on the environment. Therefore, toxic inhibitors in the deicing liquids should be replaced with non-toxic ones that explain the relevance of the study. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at justifying the possibility of using potassium monoborate as a corrosion inhibitor to reduce the toxicity of the deicing liquids. Materials and Methods. For 30 days the samples of the V95pch alloy were kept in a 50% solution of the deicing liquids Maxflight 04 without potassium monoborate and with potassium monoborate with a concentration of 0 to 6.0 g/l, and then the samples were removed, cleaned of corrosion products, and weighed. Inhibitory properties were assessed by the mass loss of samples; there were calculated the corrosion rate, inhibitory effect, and degree of protection. To study the effect of the potassium monoborate on the corrosion-fatigue strength of the alloy, there were recorded cyclic strength curves of the samples. Results. The best inhibitory properties of potassium monoborate in the 50% Maxflight 04 solution manifest themselves at a concentration of 5 g/l that confirms the optimality of this concentration. Corrosion-fatigue tests have shown that potassium monoborate at a concentration of 5 g/l in the Maxflight 04 solution increases the cyclic strength of the alloy. Discussion and Conclusion. Potassium monoborate is an effective inhibitor in the composition of the deicing liquids. It has no harmful effects on the human body and environment, and belongs to the 4th hazard class. The practical significance of the study is that the introduction of potassium monoborate into the composition of the deicing liquids Maxflight 04 at a concentration of 5 g / l ensures an increase in the serviceability of the structural elements of aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles, especially during long-term operation and work under cyclic loads. Further research prospects are concerned with expanding the range of boron-containing compounds under study, and with a comprehensive analysis of their inhibitory properties to use these compounds in aluminum, magnesium and titanium alloys used in aviation technology.

The article presents the results of stress protection of seeds and plants of spring wheat and barley of zoned varieties for the 3rd agro-climatic zone of the Russian Federation. The research was carried out in 2018–2022 in 2 stages: the first was a series of laboratory experiments at the departments of breeding, seed production and Agrotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, the second was field experiments on gray forest soils of average fertility in an agricultural enterprise named after him. Krupskaya Ryazan region. The algorithm of complex stress protection included a sequential cascade of interrelated agrotechnological techniques: a) a method for selecting the most resistant batches of seeds to ethylene stress for sowing purposes, b) a method for stress protection and increasing the germination of these seeds during post-harvest storage, c) pre-sowing seed treatment and d) plants IV-V stages of organogenesis with multifunctional growth regulators with anti-stress properties (Albite, TPS; Zircon,R; Epin-Extra,R), prolonging the effect of plant protection in critical phases of plant growth and development. During all 5 years of research, which were contrasting in meteorological conditions, the use of seeds with increased stress resistance and functional activity for sowing contributed, on average, to a stable increase in field germination of spring wheat by 2.8–10.6%, barley – 4.2–7.2%, increased shoot formation in the tillering phase of spring wheat by 0.12–0.23 and barley 0.16–0.25% of plants. These processes were most pronounced in spring wheat, in years with increased drought. The plant variants of complex stress protection were characterized by higher photosynthesis productivity, leaf surface index and terrestrial phytomass. A set of techniques that block the development of stress from the initial stages of ontogenesis to the formation of reproductive organs intensified plant growth, provided a higher level of accumulation of productivity resources, contributed to an increase in grain yields of spring wheat and barley, depending on the experimental options, by 0.48–0.62 t/ha and 0.31–0.39 t/ha, respectively. The increase in yield in all the years of the study, when using anti-stress protection, was due to an increase in the number of productive stems, a higher full-weight ear and a weight of 1000 grains. The applied stress protection methods fully meet the requirements of the production of environmentally friendly products and can be used as an element of technology in the production of organic crop products.

The increasing attention to the use of dual-fuel engines with compression ignition leads to the need to study the thermal engineering processes occurring in them. A model for calculating the thermal engineering stages in a cylinder of a dual-fuel engine with a refined composition of the working fluid is presented, including the determination of fuel supply characteristics, fuel injection and evaporation functions and allowing theoretically to determine with high accuracy the pressure function, cycle operation, power, efficient and thermal criteria for the operation of a dual-fuel engine. The paper attempts to show the mutual relationship between the individual processes of heat generation, their influence on the design parameters under the operating conditions characteristic of a dual-fuel engine, as well as on the operating conditions of components and parts.

An algorithm of prolonged stress protection of seeds and plants of two zoned spring wheat varieties has been developed and justified, including the selection for sowing purposes of batches of seeds with the highest adaptive resistance potential to the effects of an inhibitory phytohormone-ethylene, their subsequent post-harvest storage in containers filled with calibrated and purified seed grain as much as possible, isolating it from air exchange with atmospheric oxygen before sowing, which provides hypoxia conditions, as a result of which the development of oxidative stress and the synthesis of oxygen-dependent ethylene by microtraumatic grains is blocked. Seeds before sowing and plants at the IV-V stages of organogenesis are treated with multifunctional stress-protective growth regulators. The interaction of a set of methods for selecting stress-resistant seeds, their anti-stress storage, stress protection of plants in the most vulnerable to damaging effects phases of growth and development - seed germination, and when potential productivity is determined - differentiation and formation of rudimentary reproductive organs of the ear, allowed to stabilize, environmentally safe production process and increase grain yield by 11.1-12.6%, with with minimal energy and material costs.

The high potential of milk productivity, especially together with the individual milk production technology, is an indispensable condition for the successful operation of large robotic livestock complexes as soon as these complexes sum up the total production and the milk yields. Therefore, this work studies the issues of assessing the milk productivity and reproductive qualities of different-aged Holstein cows in conditions of a robotic farm.

The importance of labor productivity growth increases in the context of economic regionalization, which requires an economy-wide restructuring. In the United States of America, which continues its policy of reindustrial development, protectionism, and the suppression of competing countries by all means, the role of the structural factor in the dynamics of labor productivity is not uniform. The paper presents a theoretical analysis and methodological possibility of calculating the relationship between such economic categories and processes as labor productivity and its decline in the US economy, on the one hand, and structural changes in the American economy, on the other hand. Based on the use of the index method with the conversion of material resources into labor costs, an attempt was made to empirically identify the different impacts of specific industries (sectors) of the US economy on changes in labor productivity. The chronological period for calculating the system of necessary indices takes into account 2005 as the base year used for comparison with 2022. The results obtained indicate the beginning of a “reindustrial turn” in the US economy, which created the basis for the gradual recovery of the lost growth rates of labor productivity, together with the sector of information and communication services. It is noted that the movement of workers with relatively low qualifications from the manufacturing sectors of the American economy to the service sector, along with an increase in working hours, contributes to a decrease in labor productivity in a number of service industries. An increase in the role of the structural factor in the dynamics of labor productivity in those industries that most actively respond to the possibility of reducing labor costs in the context of growing technologization of economic activity is revealed. The conclusion is made about the information-industrial orientation of the structural changes observed in the United States over the period under study, which provides for a structural transformation of the labor market in the direction of increasing the efficiency of labor costs per unit of working time.

The effect of iron, copper, and, for comparison, cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) on agricultural plants is studied for the creation of new-generation fertilizers and growth stimulants. The effect of metallic NPs 20–100 nm in size is determined in the concentration range from 0.01 to 100 g per hectare of the seeding rate of vetch and wheat. The results obtained clearly show an increase in the seed-germination capacity and viability, as well as in the metric parameters of seedlings, under the action of NPs. This is due to the fact that NPs can release an additional amount of hydrogen (protons and electrons) in an aqueous medium due to their high reducing ability. Aqueous solutions of iron, copper, and cobalt NPs are characterized by a decrease in the pH value of the suspensions upon dissolution, which is an additional source of energy in the plant-respiration process.

Проблема и цель. Целью настоящей работы явилась оценка влияния иммуностимулирующих препаратов Salus-P-E и Bovistim-K на качество молозива и иммунный статус телят после выпойки молозива. Методология. Научно-исследовательская работа проведена на коровах-первотелках голштинской породы. Было подобрано три группы глубокостельных коров по принципу групп-аналогов по 10 животных в каждой. Коровам 1-й опытной группы внутримышечно в среднюю треть шеи инъецировали Salus-P-Е в дозе 10 мл трехкратно за 60, 30 и 15 суток до предполагаемой даты отела, 2-ой опытной группы – Bovistim-K в те же сроки и дозе, в контрольной группе биопрепараты не использовали. Отбор проб молозива проводили двукратно: в течение 60 минут после отела и через 24 часа после отела. Во второй серии опыта изучали клинико-физиологическое состояние и показатели крови новорожденных телят после выпойки молозива. Результаты. Молозиво коров 1-й и 2-й опытных групп содержало больше иммуноглобулинов, чем контрольные пробы на 23,8 и 27,67 г/л; общего белка – на 3,08 и 3,32 %; уровень казеинов – на 0,34 и 0,22 % соответственно. На фоне иммунокоррекции организма глубокостельных коров-матерей происходит увеличение количества гемоглобина, общего белка, резервной щелочности и определенные изменения соотношения белковых фракций крови новорожденных телят. В первые сутки жизни установлено повышение в сыворотке крови телят 1 и 2 опытных групп по сравнению с контролем: альбуминов на 7,9 и 8,4 %; α-глобулинов – на 18,6 и 15,7 %, β-глобулинов – на 22,1 и 16,9 %, γ-глобулинов на 24,4 и 21,4 % соответственно. Выпойка качественного молозива (показатель Брикс свыше 24) способствовала повышению среднесуточных приростов у телят 1-й и 2-й опытных групп на 18,2 и 20,2 %. Заключение. Применение иммуностимулирующих препаратов Salus-P-E и Bovistim-K повышает иммунокомпетентные свойства молозива, что способствует формированию в организме новорожденных телят высокого уровня колострального иммунитета, снижая заболеваемость и улучшая показатели роста и сохранности, при более выраженном соответствующем эффекте Bovistim-K. Problem and purpose. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of immunostimulating drugs Salus-P-E and Bovistim-K on the quality of colostrum and the immune status of calves after drinking colostrum. Methodology. Research work was carried out on first-calf heifers of the Holstein breed. Three groups of deepcalving cows were selected according to the principle of analogue groups of 10 animals each. Cows of the 1st experimental group were injected intramuscularly in the middle third of the neck with Salus-P-E at a dose of 10 ml three times 60, 30 and 15 days before the expected date of calving, the 2nd experimental group - Bovistim-K at the same time and dose, in the control group, biological preparations were not used. Colostrum sampling was carried out twice: within 60 minutes after calving and 24 hours after calving. In the second series of experiments, we studied the clinical and physiological state and blood parameters of newborn calves after drinking colostrum. Results. Colostrum of cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups contained more immunoglobulins than control samples by 26.9 and 31.2%; total protein - by 3.08% and 3.32%; the level of caseins - by 0.34 and 0.22%, respectively. Against the background of immunocorrection of deep-calving mother cows, there is an increase in the amount of hemoglobin, total protein, reserve alkalinity and certain changes in the ratio of protein fractions of the blood of newborn calves. In the first day of life, an increase in serum immunoglobulins in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups compared with the control was established: albumins by 7.9 and 8.4%; α-globulins - by 18.6 and 15.7%, β-globulins - by 22.1 and 16.9%, γ-globulins by 24.4 and 21.4%; respectively. Drinking high-quality colostrum (Brix over 24) contributed to an increase in average daily gains in calves of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups by 18.2 and 20.2%. Conclusion. The use of immunostimulating drugs Salus-P-E and Bovistim-K increases the immunocompetent properties of colostrum, which contributes to the formation in the body of newborn calves of a high level of.

Проблема и цель. Высокая урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур достигается за счет внесения жидких минеральных удобрений во время посева, а также своевременной подкормки растений в период их развития. Достижение высоких агротехнических показателей требует совершенствования не только методик внесения подкормки, но и конструкций форсунок-распылителей. Цель – повышение эффективности каплеобразования за счет обоснования параметров форсунки-распылителя эллипсовидной формы. Методология. Теоретическими исследованиями обоснованы основные показатели, определяющие параметры форсунки-распылителя, которыми являются форма отверстия, площадь отверстия, размер капель раствора. Для проведения исследований были изготовлены форсунки-распылители с различными площадью и формой отверстий. Форма отверстий представляла собой эллипс с разным соотношением большой и малой осей. Для оценки размеров капель была использована бумага фильтровальная с размерами 200x200x0,5 мм и плотностью 75 г/м. кв. Фильтровальная бумага вставлялась в специальную оправку с установленным временем экспозиции. Результаты. В результате экспериментального исследования установлено, что наименьший размер капель получен при использовании форсунки-распылителя с отверстием эллипсовидной формы, с соотношений большой оси к малой 1,25 и площадью поперечного сечения отверстия 7,069 мм2. Для оценки расхода жидкости форсунки-распылителя была проведена серия экспериментов. Расход жидкости определялся с помощью мерного стакана при истечении рабочей жидкости через отверстие в течении одной минуты. Установлено, что площадь поперечного сечения отверстия и коэффициент формы оказывают влияние на расход жидкости. Следует отметить, что при коэффициенте формы 1,25 величина расхода существенно не увеличивается, что обусловлено колебанием жидкости внутри струи. Заключение. В результате экспериментальных исследований установлено, что использование эллипсовидных отверстий форсунки-распылителя способствует возникновению колебательных процессов внутри струи жидкости и улучшает каплеобразование. Для обеспечения наименьшего размера капель без существенного снижения расхода жидкости следует использовать форсункураспылитель с отверстием эллипсовидной формы, с соотношений большой оси к малой 1,25 и площадью поперечного сечения отверстия 7,069 мм². Problem and purpose. High crop yields are achieved through the application of liquid mineral fertilizers during sowing, as well as timely feeding of plants during their development. Achieving high agrotechnical indicators requires improving not only the methods of top dressing, but also the design of spray nozzles. The goal is to increase the efficiency of drop formation by substantiating the parameters of an elliptical spray nozzle. Methodology. Theoretical studies substantiate the main indicators that determine the parameters of the spray nozzle, which are the shape of the hole, the area of the hole, the size of the droplets of the solution. For research, spray nozzles with different area and shape of holes were made. The shape of the holes was an ellipse with different ratios of the major and minor axes. To assess the size of the droplets, filter paper was used with dimensions of 200x200x0.5 mm and a density of 75 g/m. sq. The filter paper was inserted into a special holder with a fixed exposure time. Results. As a result of an experimental study, it was found that the smallest droplet size was obtained using a spray nozzle with an elliptical hole, with a ratio of the major axis to the minor one 1.25 and a cross-sectional area of the hole of 7.069 mm2 . A series of experiments was carried out to evaluate the liquid flow rate of the spray nozzle. The flow rate of the fluid was determined using a measuring cup when the working fluid flowed through the hole for one minute. It has been established that the cross-sectional area of the hole and the shape factor affect the flow rate of the liquid. It should be noted that with a shape factor of 1.25, the flow rate does not increase significantly, which is due to the fluctuation of the liquid inside the jet. Conclusion. As a result of experimental studies, it was found that the use of elliptical holes in the spray nozzle contributes to the occurrence of oscillatory processes inside the liquid jet and improves drop formation. To ensure the smallest droplet size without a significant reduction in fluid flow, an atomizer with an elliptical orifice should be used, with a major to minor axis ratio of 1.25 and an orifice cross-sectional area of 7.069 mm².

Проблема и цель. Одной из сложных задач при уборке картофеля является снижение повреждений и потерь при загрузке в контейнеры с дальнейшей транспортировкой на реализацию или для закладки на хранение в картофелехранилище. Как показывает статистика, при уборке до потребителя не доходит до 15-20 % сельскохозяйственной продукции, а при хранении убыль клубней составляет до 25 %. Цель исследований – снижение травмируемости клубней картофеля и повышение качества продукции за счет уменьшения скорости падения клубня при взаимодействии его с ремнем-гасителем, установленным на боковой стороне контейнера, предназначенного для перевозки и хранения сельскохозяйственной продукции. Методология. Теоретические исследования по определению параметров ударного взаимодействия клубня с ремнем-гасителем при загрузке в контейнер выполнены на основе законов и методов теоретической механики и математического анализа с использованием программы MathCAD 14.0. Результаты. Проведенные теоретические исследования позволили определить угол между направлением падения клубня и ремнем-гасителем (1: α= 15⁰; 2: α= 30⁰; 3: α= 35⁰; 4: α= 40⁰) установленным на боковой стороне контейнера. В свою очередь было получено выражение для вертикальной составляющей скорости клубня после соударения с ремнем-гасителем. Заключение. Клубень картофеля при падении обладает энергией, пропорциональной его массе и квадрату скорости, которая зависит от ускорения. Энергия клубня гасится при его ударе о любую поверхность, в том числе и о ремень-гаситель, установленный на боковой стороне контейнера. Следует отметить, что полученные значения углов между направлением падения клубня и ремнемгасителем в дальнейшем можно будет проверить путем проведения экспериментальных исследований, что в первую очередь даст возможность выбора оптимального значения, а в дальнейшем – сократить внутренние дефекты клубня, особенно влияющие на сохранность в картофелехранилищах. Рroblem and purpose. . One of the most difficult tasks when harvesting potatoes is to reduce damage and losses when loading into containers with further transportation for sale or for storage in a potato storehouse. As statistics show, when harvesting, 15-20% of agricultural products do not reach the consumer, and during storage, the loss of tubers is up to 25%. The aim of the research is to reduce the injury rate of potato tubers and improve the quality of products by reducing the rate of fall of the tuber when it interacts with a belt–extinguisher installed on the side of a container intended for transportation and storage of agricultural products. Methodology. Theoretical studies of determining the parameters of the impact interaction of a tuber with a belt extinguisher, when loaded into a container, are based on the laws and methods of theoretical mechanics and mathematical analysis using the MathCAD 14.0 program. Conclusion. The theoretical studies carried out made it possible to determine the angle between the direction of fall of the tuber and the belt-extinguisher (1- α= 150; 2- α= 300; 3- α= 350; 4- α= 400) installed on the side of the container, in turn, an expression was obtained for the vertical component of the tuber velocity after collision with the belt- extinguisher. Conclusion. A potato tuber, when falling, has energy proportional to its mass and the square of the velocity, which depends on acceleration. The energy of the tuber is extinguished when it hits any surface, including a belt-extinguisher mounted on the side of the container. It should be noted that the obtained values of the angles between the direction of fall of the tuber and the belt suppressor can be verified in the future by conducting experimental studies, which first of all will make it possible to choose the optimal value, which in the future will make it possible to reduce the internal defects of the tuber, especially affecting the safety in potato storages.