Sagamore Institute

ABSTRACT Design of foundation drain holes in bedrock where fractures control the permeability may be optimized based on the discontinuity pattern, specifically the spacing and orientation of the predominant discontinuity sets. When suitable representative outcrops are available, either naturally or by means of excavation, joint spacing and orientation can be measured directly by traditional methods using a measuring tape and compass or pocket transit or newer methods using computer software to measure virtual joint surfaces within a digital terrain model developed from digital photogrammetry or light detection and ranging (LiDAR) surveys. When suitable outcrops are not available, joint spacing and orientation can be measured using oriented core drilling techniques or downhole imaging tools (e.g., optical and acoustic sondes) that provide digital images of the borehole wall. With an understanding of the bedrock jointing pattern obtained from one or more of the above methods, the total apparent spacing (TAS) approach can be used to optimize the orientation of drain holes. The TAS approach employs the vector dot product formula to minimize the total apparent spacing between discontinuities and maximize the number of discontinuities intercepted by the drain hole. The TAS approach was used to optimize the orientation of foundation drain holes during rehabilitation of the Gilboa Dam in Schoharie County, NY. The TAS approach has other applications, e.g., optimizing the orientation of exploratory core holes to collect discontinuity data or the orientation of grout holes for foundation grouting.

Ed4Nurses, Inc, Sagomore Hills, Ohio. Corresponding author: David Woodruff, MSN, RN, CNS, CCRN, Ed4Nurses, Inc., 6865 Amherst Drive, Suite 2210, Sagamore Hills, OH 44067 (e-mail: [email protected]).

A variety of techniques for preventing youths from being physically assaulttve are introduced. Techniques are presented in three categories: (a) those that may be applied to an individual prior to, or immediateIy after, assaultive episodes, (b) those that promote prosocial behavior as applied on an individual basis, and (c) those that are utilized on a group basis with assaultive behavior diminishing as prosocia1 behaviors are promoted. Also introduced are ways to approach psychotic youths so that violent outbursts are eschewed. Treatment modifications are presented which may be helpful to children or adolescents as they progress to less restrictive settings.

To test in part Berkowitz's hypothesis that parents who attempt to influence their children's behavior by frequent punishment appear to foster aggressiveness in their offspring . (1973, p. 114) 15 male adolescents (Group I ) were randomly selected from a state psychiatric institution. They had been admitted with a presenting problem of assaultive behavior and for these persons there was recorded evidence of at least two instances of assault while institutionalized. Group I1 comprised another randomly drawn group of 15 male adolescents from the same facility, but these showed no presenting problem of assaultive behavior and no reported incidence of assault while institutionalized. There were no apparent mean differences between the groups on length of institutionalization, presenting problems, age, and family background. The sample ranged in age from 13 to 18 yr. with approximately 65% males. Only the lower and lower middle socioeconomic levels were represented in the sample and population. Mean length of institutionalization was approximately 8 to 12 mo. with a range from 4 mo. to 245 yr. Medical records at the hospital included reports from all previous placements, treacments, and agencies; these were consulted to determine if the two groups differed on documented abuse by a caretaker, i.e., reported and verified by two sources. Abuse included physical, sexual, or severe deprivation. Evidence of abuse was found in medical records of 8 of the 15 children in Group I. There were six cases of physical abuse, one of sexual abuse, and one of physical abuse plus severe deprivation (physical injury and excessive deprivation of food). By contrast, in Group I1 evidence of abuse was found in the medical records of three of the 15 children. Two of these cases involved physical abuse and one sexual abuse. Considering the stringent criterion of verifying abuse through two sources, it is surprising that chi squared of 3.57 ( p < l o ) even approached significance. No doubt a less stringent criterion of documented abuse might have suggested a significant difference. (Unfortunately it was not possible to verify this.) Further invest~gatjon in other similar facilities is needed to determine if this trend is idiosyncratic to r h ~ s facility.