Saint Joseph's College

Habeas Corpus or the Great Writ is one of the most important and valuable writs in public law. It is a extraordinary writ through which the court maintains its control over the liberty of the subject. It is known as the greatest safeguard of the personal freedom of the individual. Habeas Corpus is a common law remedy and Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution of India have incorporated this writ so that the courts can exercise power to issue a writ of Habeas Corpus for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. In this paper, the origin and history of Habeas Corpus, Constitutional provision regarding the Writ, growth of the Writ of Habeas Corpus in India and the importance of this extraordinary writ in the present scenario is being discussed. The Judicial interpretation of Habeas Corpus in India and the much controversial case of ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla and also, the landmark cases that have contributed to the development of the Writ of Habeas Corpus is being highlighted. Habeas Corpus is treated as a fundamental safeguard of personal liberty that requires the state to justify detention before an independent tribunal. The paper analyses the key cases that shaped modern doctrine, and discusses tensions between national security and rights protection in the 21st century.

The fossil record frequently exhibits prolonged morphological stasis punctuated by relatively rapid transitions. While punctuated equilibrium theory provides descriptive support for such discontinuities, a precise deterministic dynamical mechanism remains underdeveloped. In this work, evolutionary transitions are modeled as nonlinear threshold phenomena governed by saddle-node bifurcation under slow parameter drift. A time-dependent evolutionary control parameter is introduced, and an explicit analytical expression for the critical transition time is derived. A numerical illustration demonstrates extended quasi-stasis followed by rapid restructuring. A scaling law relating accumulation rate to transition sharpness is obtained. The framework predicts measurable relations between evolutionary rates and apparent fossil gaps, reinterpreting abrupt transitions as emergent properties of nonlinear dynamical systems.

Pentanedioic acid-thiourea (PAT), a new hydrogen-bonded organic co-crystal, was produced using a slow evaporation method and examined for its structural and solid-state properties. Single-crystal X‑ray diffraction confirmed an orthorhombic Pnma structure, stabilized by N–H···O and O–H···S hydrogen-bonding frameworks. The FTIR spectrum validated the functional groups and successful co-crystallization. Optical absorption analysis revealed a strong UV band at 232 nm, a sharp cutoff at 298 nm, and a wide bandgap of 4.165 eV, showing UV-filtering and semiconducting properties. The low Urbach energy (0.085 eV) indicated that the material was well-crystallized and had fewer defects. Dielectric tests revealed temperature and frequency-dependent behavior, with AC conductivity following a thermally activated hopping process. Thermal investigation revealed a multi-stage decomposition process, with stability up to 126°C. Thus, the remarkable solid-state properties of PAT co-crystal make it a suitable material for optoelectronic and UV-filtering uses.

Nanocarriers have emerged as promising systems for improving drug-delivery efficiency and advancing diagnostic strategies in cancer treatment. l-asparaginase has well-established antitumor and anti-leukemic properties, but its therapeutic performance is often restricted due to its short biological half-life and poor instability in the unmodified form. The present study investigated the encapsulation of l-asparaginase on a green-synthesized nanocarrier to enhance its overall therapeutic efficacy. The nanocarrier was produced utilizing citrus orange peel extract, which served simultaneously as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping material during the formation of zinc oxide-doped selenium nanoparticles (ZnO-Se-NPs). This eco-friendly synthesis method not only stabilized the nanoparticles but also incorporated naturally occurring phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids-that may contribute to additional pharmacological benefits. The synthesized l-asparaginase encapsulated ZnO-Se-NPs (ZnO-Se-Asp) nanocomposite exhibited notable anticancer activity while maintaining low cytotoxicity. The detailed characterization of the nanoparticles was carried out utilizing UV-Vis spectroscopy to confirm the presence of ZnO-Se-Asp, energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphological and elemental analysis. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was studied to identify the functional groups, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to study the crystallinity of synthesized ZnO-Se-Asp nanocomposite. The cytotoxic potential of synthesized ZnO-Se-Asp nanocomposite was estimated using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay through the determined IC50 value, as well as its effects on the cell viability and proliferation were assessed. Finally, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and Caspase-3 activity were performed to determine oxidative stress generation and apoptotic induction. Overall, the results indicated that the green-synthesized ZnO-Se-Asp nanocomposite offers a promising platform capable of improving anticancer efficacy while offering better stability and bioavailability.

The efficiency of solar panels depends not just on how much sunlight they receive, but also on how well they are protected from overheating. Traditional solar trackers often follow the sun mechanically, but they ignore important real-world factors lik

Introduction: Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are one of the common genetic variants that can affect disease risk and other phenotypes. ABCB4 encodes a phosphatidylcholine translocator important for liver function, and ABCB4 mutations can be linked to both liver disorders and breast cancer. Objective: This study aims to identify the deleterious SNPs within the ABCB4 gene using in silico methodologies. Methods: The ABCB4 amino acid sequence was acquired from the UniProt database, and gene interactions were examined by GeneMANIA. A summary of the 135 SNP IDs of the ABCB4 gene was gathered from the UCSC genome browser. Deleterious SNPs were screened by SIFT and PolyPhen and validated by PROVEAN, SNAP, PhD-SNP, and SNPs and GO. Effects on protein stability were assessed using I-Mutant, MuPRO, and DynaMut. Results: Out of 135 SNPs, 4 non-synonymous SNPs, which are C433W, K435E, R788P, and R788Q, were predicted as deleterious. We showed that these variants decrease protein stability and may profoundly impact ABCB4 activity. Three SNPs (rs8187801, rs20129202, and rs201168284) were identified as high-confidence candidates with likely pathogenic clinical relevance. Conclusion: This work identifies putative liver disease- and cancer-predisposing nsSNPs in the ABCB4 gene with functional importance. These associations have only limited direct medical application at the moment, apart from risk prediction and genetic counseling, but will be a major driver for the identification of targeted therapeutic strategies.