Samueli Institute

Bugungi kunda jahonda iqtisodiy rivojlanish infratuzilma bilan bog‘liq masalalar, shuningdek, ish o’rinlarini yaratish, yangi ijtimoiy ob’ektlarni barpo etish, mavjud infratuzilma obyektlarida samarali boshqaruv tizimlarini takomillashtirishda davlat-xususiy sheriklik munosabatlari hududlarning drayveriga aylanib bormoqda. Maqolada asosan rivojlangan mamlakatlarda davlat-xususiy sheriklik funktsiyalari asosida amalga oshirilayotgan ishlar qanday tashkil etilayotganligi, mavjud muammolarga qaramasdan sheriklik munosabatlarining muvafaqqiyatli tashkillashtirishda davlat-xususiy sherikligining o‘ziga xos o’rni tadqiq etilib xulosa va takliflaar keltirilgan.

Historically, neural variability observed during task was interpreted as “noise,” assumed to obscure meaningful signal and thus something to be minimized both analytically by researchers and functionally by the brain. Changes to this signal-to-noise ratio have been proposed as a possible neural mechanism behind the increased reaction-time variability (RTV) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, not all variability is the same – in some cases, variability can have some underlying “statistical structure” that can be beneficial to information processing. The challenge lies in distinguishing meaningful variability from random noise. The edge-of-synchrony critical point, which describes a system poised between synchronous and asynchronous regimes, could be a good theoretical framework to study these different types of neural variability. In this study, we investigate whether changes in criticality and oscillatory dynamics preceded slower behavioral responses during a bimodal continuous performance task in ADHD. We find evidence that, prior to slower responses, neural dynamics shift toward criticality in both ADHD and control groups, suggesting that increase variability in ADHD and during attention lapses are related to structured variability and not necessarily random noise. Notably, these findings run counter predictions based on the proposed model and previous literature on neural noise in this population, challenging predictions of edge-of-synchrony criticality as a unifying account of neural variability and behavioral performance. Furthermore, this effect did not emerge at the between-subject level, underscoring the limitations of relying on between-subject correlations to infer neural mechanisms.

Stress is a universal experience impacting mental and physical health. However, no precise, objective wearable tool exists for continuous, long-term stress monitoring, which is essential for understanding stress-related health outcomes. To address this gap, we introduce SQC-SAS, a multimodal wearable device that simultaneously and continuously measures multiple physiological and molecularstress biomarkers for quantitative stress assessment and sub-classification. This device features exceptional environmental stability, reusability, and fully wireless data and power operation. Machine learning enables data-driven stress assessment and classification across multiple stress states, allowing biomarker profiles to be correlated with each state. Its wristband-like design enables continuous stress monitoring and real-time visualization. We envision our wearable will greatly advance precise, objective stress assessment and monitoring, offering unprecedented capabilities and laying the foundation for personalized interventions and a deeper understanding of stress-related outcomes.

Studies of the early visual system often require characterizing the visual preferences of large populations of neurons. This task typically requires multiple stimuli such as sparse noise and drifting gratings, each of which probes only a limited set of visual features. Here, we introduce a new dynamic stimulus with sharp-edged stripes that we term Zebra noise and a new analysis model based on wavelets, and we show that in combination they are highly efficient for mapping multiple aspects of the visual preferences of thousands of neurons. We used two-photon calcium imaging to record the activity of neurons in the mouse visual cortex. Zebra noise elicited strong responses that were more repeatable than those evoked by traditional stimuli. The wavelet-based model captured the repeatable aspects of the resulting responses, providing measures of neuronal tuning for multiple stimulus features: position, orientation, size, spatial frequency, drift rate, and direction. The method proved efficient, requiring only 5 minutes of stimulus (repeated three times) to characterize the tuning of thousands of neurons across visual areas. In combination, the Zebra noise stimulus and the wavelet-based model provide a broadly applicable toolkit for the rapid characterization of visual representations, promising to accelerate future studies of visual function.

This work clarifies the pH-dependent deposition and dissolution of MnO 2 in aqueous electrolytes using in situ EQCM. It shows that proton-coupled redox processes and interfacial pH govern MnO 2 growth, stability, and dissolution behavior.

This study examines the impact of implementing the principles of Proverbs 3:1–8 on the development of harmonious relationships within Christian families. Employing a qualitative case study approach supported by descriptive and comparative quantitative analysis, the research involved 15 Christian families who consistently practiced these biblical principles over twelve months. Data were collected through structured interviews, family harmony surveys, observational logs, and self-assessment questionnaires, enabling triangulation of spiritual practices and measurable relational outcomes. The findings reveal six major transformative impacts supported by quantitative indicators. The application of the principle of obedience (Prov 3:1–2), the practice of love and faithfulness (Prov 3:3–4), the reliance on God in decision-making (Prov 3:5–6), the cultivation of spiritual humility (Prov 3:7–8), also the practical embodiment, established a stable family value system, reflected in the adoption of daily family Bible reading rituals by 86% of participants, which corresponded to a 78% increase in perceived family cohesiveness. Finally, a holistic transformation was observed across three key dimensions: a shift from a busyness-oriented lifestyle to a God-centered family orientation (89%), from individualistic patterns to faith-based communal living (82%), and from doctrinal knowledge to lived faith practice (91%). Quantitatively, the overall Family Harmony Index (measured on a 10-point Likert scale) showed a statistically significant improvement, rising from a pre-intervention mean score of 5.2 to 8.7 after twelve months of consistent application, representing a 67% relative increase.

Abstract Recent work on collective action appeals to a range of philosophical constructs to explain the difference between collective and individual actions—from joint or shared intentions, we-intentions, and participatory intentions, to collective beliefs and desires, mutual obligations, and so on. I believe this is a mistake. In this paper, I defend a deflationary account of collective action, which holds that the difference between individual and collective actions can be explained purely in terms of the behaviour of the participants. This account faces the challenge of explaining how collective action can be intentional if it is to be reduced to the behaviour of individuals: intentionality is usually held to distinguish actions from accidents (and thus, one would expect, collective actions from accidents), but according to some philosophers, individuals cannot intend to do collective actions. To respond to this concern, I show that individual agency can extend beyond the individual to encompass the actions of others.

Introduction: Selexipag, a selective prostacyclin receptor (IP) agonist used in pulmonary arterial hypertension, suffers from poor aqueous solubility, limiting its oral bioavailability. Cyclodextrin complexation is a widely accepted technique to improve solubility and dissolution properties of hydrophobic drugs. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of Selexipag by forming inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin. Methods: Inclusion complexes of Selexipag were prepared using three techniques: physical mixing, kneading, and solvent evaporation, each in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios with β-cyclodextrin. Phase solubility studies were performed to determine the stability constant. The prepared complexes were evaluated for drug content and in vitro dissolution using UV spectrophotometry and paddle method, USP Type II apparatus in 0.1 N HCl. Results: The phase solubility diagram exhibited an AL-type profile with a 1:1 stoichiometry and a stability constant of 164.56 M–¹. All formulations demonstrated acceptable drug content (98.3–102.2 %). Among the tested complexes, the kneading method at a 1:2 ratio (SK2) showed the highest drug release, achieving 94.2 % dissolution in 60 minutes, compared to 29.63 % for pure Selexipag. This enhancement is attributed to increased wettability, amorphization, and reduced crystallinity of the drug. Conclusion: Inclusion complexation of Selexipag with β-cyclodextrin markedly improved its solubility and dissolution rate. The kneading method with a 1:2 molar ratio proved most effective, offering a promising strategy for improving the oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs.