Saudi Electronic University

This study is devoted to the analysis of symbolic 2-plithogenic limits and the development of systematic procedures for their computation. In particular, the plithogenic factorization approach and the plithogenic rationalization approach are examined as effective techniques for evaluating such limits. The accuracy of the obtained expressions is further confirmed through the application of L’Hôpital’s rule. Additionally, several special stats of symbolic 2-plithogenic limits, including trigonometric forms, are established and analyzed. The theoretical findings are supported and clarified by solving carefully selected numerical examples.

Introduction: Healthcare workers, particularly paramedics, face significant occupational hazards that elevate their risk of illness and injury compared to other professions. Factors such as insufficient awareness and inadequate training exacerbate these risks. The study aims to evaluate the awareness of emergency medical services (EMS) students in the Makkah region regarding various occupational hazards, including physical, biological, chemical, and mental risks. By assessing this awareness, the study needs to identify gaps in knowledge and training, ultimately contributing to improved safety protocols and educational programs in the EMS field. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed emergency medical services (EMS) students aged 18 to 30 at universities in the Makkah region of Saudi Arabia, excluding those over 30 and other healthcare workers. A survey with five Likert-type questions measured awareness of occupational hazards and information sources, targeting a sample size of 94 students. Results: Of the 96 participants, 59.4% were male, and 71.9% were aged 21-23. The majority were from King Saud bin Abdulaziz University (67.7%). The mean awareness score was 3.66, with particularly high scores in hand hygiene (4.37) and personal protective equipment (PPE) use, especially for gloves (91.5%) and masks (90.6%). Chemical hazards were the most recognized (78%), while ergonomic hazards were the least known (20.6%). Media was the primary source of information (26.7%), whereas only 18.8% cited lectures and university materials. Education was correlated with increased confidence in PPE usage; however, chi-square tests indicated no significant associations (p = 0.941). Conclusion: The study concludes that while EMS students show good awareness of occupational hazards, there is a critical need for improved training and curricula. Their reliance on the media for information reveals a gap in educational resources. Enhancing training programs and revising curricula could significantly improve safety protocols and preparedness for paramedics in the Makkah region. Future research should assess the effectiveness of these educational improvements.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive two-level analysis of the literature on employee green behaviour in the hospitality industry. It seeks to map current research trends and identify future directions, thereby offering a holistic understanding of the scholarly landscape. Using a two-tier approach, the study integrates bibliometric analysis with thematic content review to capture the breadth and depth of existing academic work across disciplines. A key finding is the interdisciplinary nature of research on green behaviour, which reveals how multiple fields converge on this topic. This study contributes by synthesizing fragmented insights, enhancing the understanding of green behaviour among hospitality employees and outlining new avenues for future inquiry.

Background & Objective: Alterations in global DNA methylation levels and repetitive elements are commonly observed in various cancers and in response to environmental pollutants, particularly petroleum products such as benzene. Long-term benzene exposure is harmful to human health and is associated with an increased risk of hematological malignancies. This study aimed to investigate the association between chronic occupational exposure to benzene and DNA methylation status in TGFβ2, MAGE-A1, and LINE-1 repetitive elements among gasoline station workers. Material and Methods: This case–control study included 30 male gasoline station workers and 30 male controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN) and treated with sodium bisulfite via the EpiTect Fast DNA Bisulfite Kit. Singleplex MethyLight PCR was performed to assess methylation status of MAGE-A1, TGFβ2, and LINE-1. Results: Significant differences were observed in working hours (p = 0.004) and direct benzene exposure (p < 0.0001) between workers and controls. Percent MethyLight Reference (PMR) values were significantly different between the two groups for LINE-1 (p < 0.0001), TGFβ2 (p = 0.0194), and MAGE-A1 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Chronic benzene exposure is associated with altered DNA methylation patterns. Singleplex MethyLight analysis revealed significant PMR differences for MAGE-A1, LINE-1, and TGFβ2 between benzene-exposed workers and controls, highlighting the potential of DNA methylation profiling in occupational health risk assessment.

Background: Prolonged screen time in the modern digital society, including television viewing, smartphone use, computer use, and video gaming, has emerged as a significant public health concern. Excessive screen exposure may reduce physical activity levels and contribute to obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the association between screen time, physical activity, and obesity among adults living in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted using a 26-item questionnaire assessing screen time behaviors, physical activity (Godin–Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire), and sociodemographic characteristics. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 29. Results: A total of 1,282 participants completed the survey; 58% were female, and 57% were aged between 20 and 49 years. Overall, 36% of respondents were overweight, 27% were obese, and 64% were physically active. Screen time exceeding four hours per weekday was reported by 26% for television, 39% for computers, 7% for video games, and 77% for smartphones. Several demographic and socioeconomic factors were associated with increased computer and smartphone use. Smartphone use was significantly associated with insufficient physical activity or sedentary behavior, but not with overweight or obesity. Conclusions: High levels of screen time were observed among adults in Saudi Arabia. While prolonged screen exposure was not associated with obesity, excessive screen time, particularly smartphone use, was significantly associated with lower physical activity levels. These findings highlight the need for public health strategies that promote physical activity and address excessive screen use among adults.

Accurate and quantitative pain assessment remains a major challenge in clinical medicine, especially for patients unable to verbalize discomfort. Conventional methods based on self-reports or clinician observation are subjective and inconsistent. This study introduces a novel automated facial pain assessment framework built on a dual-attention convolutional neural network (CNN) that achieves clinically calibrated, high-reliability performance and interpretability. The architecture combines multi-head spatial attention to localize pain-relevant facial regions with an enhanced channel attention block employing triple-pooling (average, max, and standard deviation) to capture discriminative intensity features. Regularization through label smoothing (α = 0.1) and AdamW optimization ensures calibrated, stable convergence. Evaluated on a clinically annotated dataset using subject-wise stratified sampling, the proposed model achieved a test accuracy of 90.19% ± 0.94%, with an average 5-fold cross-validation accuracy of 83.60% ± 1.55%. The model further attained an F1-score of 0.90 and Cohen’s κ = 0.876, with macro- and micro-AUCs of 0.991 and 0.992, respectively. The evaluation covers five pain classes (No Pain, Mid Pain, Moderate Pain, Severe Pain, and Very Pain) using subject-wise splits comprising 5840 total images and 1160 test samples. Comparative benchmarking and ablation experiments confirm each module’s contribution, while Grad-CAM visualizations highlight physiologically relevant facial regions. The results demonstrate a robust, explainable, and reproducible framework suitable for integration into real-world automated pain-monitoring systems. Inspired by biological pain perception mechanisms and human facial muscle responses, the proposed framework aligns with biomimetic sensing principles by emulating how localized facial cues contribute to pain interpretation.

This research explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of diplomatic translation, specifically highlighting its potential as either a supportive tool for human translators or a threat to the quality of translation. As AI technology continues to evolve, its integration into translation practices raises important questions about its efficiency in the quality of diplomatic communication. This study aims to evaluate how AI tools assist human translators and the challenges they may pose, particularly in maintaining linguistic and contextual accuracy. Through a qualitative comparative analysis of AI-generated translations using Gemini, this research highlights the strengths and weaknesses of AI in translating diplomatic texts. The findings revealed that while AI tools can enhance efficiency, they often struggle with clarity and contextual accuracy in diplomatic communications, as these tools often mistranslate specific terminology and fail to maintain the nuanced tone crucial in diplomacy.