School of Administration in Bielsko-Biala

Physical activity during pregnancy is established to be a safe and effective strategy to improve maternal and neonatal health. The objective of this article was to investigate the effects of physical activity on the mother, foetus and delivery outcomes. We reviewed literature on physiological adaptations to exercise during pregnancy, maternal and foetal outcomes, and the influence of physical activity on labour duration, mode of delivery, oxytocin administration, perineal trauma, and other perinatal parameters. The findings suggest that regular, moderate physical activity may reduce the risk of gestational complications such as diabetes and hypertension, shorten labour duration, decrease the risk of operative delivery, reduce the need for analgesia and have a beneficial effect on the foetus. Further randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the association between physical activity and pregnancy outcomes, possibly including the differentiation between exercises of various intensity, as well as to provide standardized recommendations.

Aim of the study The aim of this paper is to explore the synergistic role of pharmacotherapy and physical activity in the treatment of obesity and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods This review is based on selected publications from 1999 to 2025, retrieved from PubMed, WHO, and StatPearls using keywords related to type 2 diabetes, pharmacotherapy, and physical activity. Included were guidelines, clinical trials, and meta-analyses focusing on adults with T2DM. In total, 38 sources were analyzed, covering treatments such as metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, and lifestyle interventions [1–28]. Results The combination of pharmacotherapy and physical activity in T2DM patients led to better glycemic control, greater weight reduction, and improved cardiovascular outcomes compared to either intervention alone. Conclusion The management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its associated complications, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) and obesity, requires a multifaceted approach. Pharmacotherapy and physical activity are two critical components in the treatment and prevention of these conditions. While each of these interventions offers distinct benefits, their combination provides enhanced outcomes that are greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Streszczenie: Artykuł ten opisuje projekt

The article presents the tasks imposed on the city of Bielsko-Biała in the field of fire protection, consisting of bearing the costs of equipment and maintenance of fire protection units in the field of Voluntary Fire Brigades by the commune. The amounts of financial resources spent on the above-mentioned purposes were given on the basis of the report on the condition of the city of Bielsko-Biała for 2018 and 2019. The poviat’s tasks in the field of fire protection were also discussed, and based on the report on the state of the Bielski poviat for 2018 and 2019, data on financial aid granted by the Bielski poviat for poviat structures of the State Fire Service and Volunteer Fire Brigades were provided. Some of the issues were devoted to indicating the legal basis for the operation and tasks performed by fire protection units performing tasks in the field of fire protection in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski poviat, i.e. the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała and units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades. As regards the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service, its organizational structure has been presented, with particular attention being paid to the rescue and firefighting units located in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the station located in Czechowice-Dziedzice. Tasks performed by the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in 2019 and for the period January - November 2020 for the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were presented on the basis of statistical data of the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała available on the website of the Headquarters. The tasks of the Volunteer Fire Brigades units, the rules of qualifying units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades to the National Rescue and Firefighting System and the rules of their departure to events in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were discussed. Tasks carried out by units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades in 2019 for the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were presented on the basis of statistical data from the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała available on the website of the Headquarters

Glosa do wyroku NSA z dnia 20 grudnia 2018 r. (II OSK 249/17) dotyczy kwestii ustalenia właściwego podmiotu zobligowanego do sporządzenia i przed­stawienia projektu budowlanego zamiennego w celu doprowadzenia robót do stanu zgodnego z prawem. Zdaniem NSA właściwe organy administracji pub­licznej mają obowiązek obciążenia obowiązkiem wykonania określonych czyn­ności tylko w stosunku do aktualnego właściciela nieruchomości, posiadające­go tytuł prawny do dysponowania nieruchomością, na której posadowiony jest obiekt budowlany.

This commentary (gloss) to the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of 11 May 2017, file reference number II OSK 2283/15, concerns the issue of imposing a penalty for ‘lawlessness of use’ of a building object. In the opinion of the Supreme Administrative Court, the allegation that a public administration organ should impose a penalty for unlawful accession to only one investor, despite the fact that there are two of them, which indicates that an administrative penalty should be imposed on all investors. The basic issue to consider is the imposition of a penalty that should take into account the circumstances of the specific case, including the actual and legal use of real estate.

Author of the text is looking for the optimum way of communication with the students which motivates them to explore chemical issues and break the reluctance to the subject. As a tool that supports chemistry teaching wants to use the Internet. The research was of a cognitive nature and the method was a survey.The purpose of the article is to show:1) optimum way of communication chemistry teacher with the students of primary school which affecting the improvement of the student’s cognitive processes,2) students expectation about substantive content of the subject website and other technical facilities,3) opportunities to build knowledge through interactive media which are natural and attractive for the student in his digital world.

Physiological human gait is characterized by tree-dimensional pelvis movements, which make that gait is smooth and does not require excessive energy expenditure. In children with cerebral palsy determinants of the pelvis may be affected, mainly due to pathological afferent synergisms. Therefore many specialists is looking for ways to improve this situation. The aim of this study was to verify whether the use of botulinium toxin or inhibitive casts affects the kinematic parameters of the pelvis during the gait of children with hemiparetic form of cerebral palsy. The study involved 34 hemiparetic children with cerebral palsy aged 7-14 years who reached the capacity of walking. All were improving by neurodevelop-mental treatment according to NDT-Bobath method. Two groups were created. In the first group inhibiting casting was used in 16 children. In the second group botulinium toxin was injected in 18 children. Gait analysis was performed before and after using those type of treatment. Ultrasonic CMS-HS system (Zebris) was used for three dimensional gait analysis. Despite of the characteristic for hemiplegic gait pattern asymmetry, various ab-normalities of pelvis kinematic parameters were observed. Gait symmetry was improved aafter the treatment. Using inhibiting casts also improved kinematic parameters of the pelvis, especially in those children who are found deficit of decreasing and rotation of the pelvis. 1) The use of Btx-A or inhibitive casts results in improving temporal- spatial parameters of gait of cerebral palsied children with hemiparesis. 2) The improvement of kinematic pelvis parameters are obtained through the use of inhibitive casts, while the use of Btx-A does not have a significant impact on them.

BackgroundScoliosis can lead to a decrease in total lung capacity(TLC) and alterations in maximal flow volume curves,associated with structural defo rmities and curve magni-tude, but also with chronicity of the problem and respira-tory muscle inefficiency [1-4]. However, evidenceconfirming the assumption of beneficial, long lasting influ-ence of scoliosis specific exercise on respiratory function islacking.PurposeWe aimed to analyze respiratory function in adults withhistory of participation in a scoliosis specific exerciseprogram, in comparison to normative values and to age-matched subjects, with reference to confounders: smokingand physical activity.Materials and methodsMaximal flow-volume curves, ventilatory parameters(vital capacity - VC, forced VC in exertion and in inser-tion = FVCin and FVCex) and TLC values were analyzedin 25 adults (22 females), who attended in adolescence(from 1984 to 1995, at initial age of 11 - 13) the Centreof Corrective and Compensatory Gymnastics, Bielsko Biala, Poland. The WHO General Physical Activity Ques-tionnaire was also completed. The non-parametric rangKruskal-Wallis ANOVA was performed among sub-groups with moderate and mild scoliosis (>40° Cobb,n=3; 25-39°, n=2; 10-24°, n=20, respectively) and com-pared to 17 age matched normal controls (11 females).ResultsGenerally, scoliotic subjects did not differ significantlyfrom controls and normal values. However, FVCin wasbelow normal values (x=86.4% in 10-24° Cobb), VC andTLC means differed nonsignificantly (p=.070 andp=.074, respectively).ConclusionIn general, the results suggest satisfactory lung function-ing, but FVCin analysis indicates inspiratory inefficiency,regardless severity of the deformation.

Background: Interferon alpha is an approved treatment for chronic hepatitis B in children, but majority of clinical studies describe the effects of the therapy observed at one year after the last dose of the medication. Long term follow-up is rarely reported in the literature. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical status, ALT activity, HBs and HBe presence in children observed longer than one year after interferon discontinuation. Material & Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 432 children (M/F 282/150) with chronic hepatitis B treated with interferon in open label study in 5 regional centers between 1990 and 1999. All children received 3 MU of interferon TIW for 20 weeks. The mean age of patients at the beginning of interferon therapy was 5,9 ± 3,6 years. 46 children received lamniwudine and in these children the observation was stopped at the beginning of lamiwudine treatment. Results: The mean observation period of all children was 5,8 ± 2,8 years (15 mo-13,5 yrs). Children who received lamiwudine treatment had shorter observation period (2,3 ± 9,4 yrs p < 0,001). One year after interferon discontinuation 190 (43,9%) were HBeAg negative. At the end of follow-up HBeAg was negative in 339 (78,5%) and HBs was negative in 54 (11%). HBV-DNA was tested in 16 HBe negative patients and positive result was found in 7 (44%). 346 (80%) children had normal ALT activity. 6% of children had increased liver echogenicity on USG examination and 3 children presented with splenomegaly. Children did not present any symptoms of liver disease. Conclusions: During approximately 6 years of post interferon treatment follow-up almost 80% of children cleared antigen HBe and normalized ALT activity however some of them remained HBV-DNA positive.