Schumacher College

Consumers reviews on ecommerce websites, online services, ratings and experience stories are useful for the user as well as the vendor. The reviewer can increase their brand’s loyalty and help other customers understand their experience with the product. Similarly reviews help the vendors gain more profiles by increasing their sale of products, if consumers leave positive feedback on their product review. But unfortunately, these review mechanisms can be misused by vendors. For example, one may create fake positive reviews to promote brand’s reputation or try to demote competitor’s products by leaving fake negative reviews on their product. Existing solutions with supervised include application of different machine learning algorithms and different tools like Weka. Unlike the existing work, instead of using a constrained dataset I chose to have a wide variety of vocabulary to work on such as different subjects of datasets combined as one big data set. Sentiment analysis has been incorporated based on emojis and text content in the reviews. Fake reviews are detected and categorized. The testing results are obtained through the application of Naïve Bayes, Linear SVC, Support Vector Machine and Random forest algorithms. The implemented (proposed) solution is to classify these reviews into fake or genuine. The highest accuracy is obtained by using Naïve Bayes by including sentiment classifier.

pblico em geral quanto a importncia de um diagnstico precoce e preciso, a fim de diferenciar a doena com outras de sintomatologia semelhante, como a esporotricose, e para aumentar a sobrevida e melhorar a qualidade de vida de animais acometidos com esta neoplasia, visando um melhor prognstico.Em suma, o artigo teve embasamento no acompanhamento de dois casos positivos em clnicas veterinrias nas cidades de Bento Gonalves/RS e Nova Petrpolis/RS, o que possibilitou relacionar a teoria estudada nas bibliografias com a prtica clnica, onde presenciamos desde o diagnstico at o tratamento e acompanhamento dos pacientes.Conclui-se que fundamental o conhecimento acerca desta neoplasia, para que o mdico veterinrio realize

The broad contours of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict are ever changing. However, one thing that remains constant is a strong commitment, especially by Israeli policymakers, to the “two-state solution,” which advocates for the partition of the historic land of Palestine into two states, one Israeli and one Palestinian. This essay is a retrospective on the two-state solution and the lessons learned from years of scholarship on religion, reconciliation, and conflict transformation that illustrate the solution’s pitfalls. It begins by analyzing the legacy of the original partition plan and how changes resulting from decades of conflict challenge its viability. It then synthesizes scholarship on religion, reconciliation, and the possibilities of collective identity in Palestine/Israel. The essay then articulates an alternative to partition, the “binational solution,” as a way forward that better aligns with the findings of scholars. A final section concludes by discussing avenues for future research and debate.

Adopting a fresh approach to autoethnographic writing, this article unfurls tactile encounters with the more-than-human through an active exercise in readership. Situating this within ecosexual and psycho-somatic framings, the text queers kinaesthetic encounter, presenting it as holding the potential for deeper connection, understanding and amity across species. Drawing on Konik and Konik’s notion of a ‘barefoot epistemology’ (: 80), and an overlay of sensorial, critical and reflective writing, the structure of the essay enacts a mimesis of the author’s own kinaesthetic encounter, exploring the provision of research writing to offer the reader their own embodied experience. Questions of research materiality support an enlivened research encounter.

Educators use entrustment, a common framework in competency-based medical education, in multiple ways, including frontline assessment instruments, learner feedback tools, and group decision making within promotions or competence committees. Within these multiple contexts, entrustment decisions can vary in purpose (i.e., intended use), stakes (i.e., perceived risk or consequences), and process (i.e., how entrustment is rendered). Each of these characteristics can be conceptualized as having 2 distinct poles: (1) purpose has formative and summative, (2) stakes has low and high, and (3) process has ad hoc and structured. For each characteristic, entrustment decisions often do not fall squarely at one pole or the other, but rather lie somewhere along a spectrum. While distinct, these continua can, and sometimes should, influence one another, and can be manipulated to optimally integrate entrustment within a program of assessment. In this article, the authors describe each of these continua and depict how key alignments between them can help optimize value when using entrustment in programmatic assessment within competency-based medical education. As they think through these continua, the authors will begin and end with a case study to demonstrate the practical application as it might occur in the clinical learning environment.

Health professions education has shifted to a competency-based paradigm in which many programs rely heavily on workplace-based assessment (WBA) to produce data for summative decisions about learners. However, WBAs are complex and require validity evidence beyond psychometric analysis. Here, the authors describe their use of a rhetorical argumentation process to develop a map of validity evidence for summative decisions in an entrustment-based WBA system. To organize evidence, the authors cross-walked 2 contemporary validity frameworks, one that emphasizes sources of evidence (Messick) and another that stresses inferences in an argument (Kane). They constructed a validity map using 4 steps: (1) Asking critical questions about the stated interpretation and use, (2) Seeking validity evidence as a response, (3) Categorizing evidence using both Messick's and Kane's frameworks, and (4) Building a visual representation of the collected and organized evidence. The authors used an iterative approach, adding new critical questions and evidence over time. The first map draft produced 25 boxes of evidence that included all 5 sources of evidence detailed by Messick and spread across all 4 inferences described by Kane. The rhetorical question-response process allowed for structured critical appraisal of the WBA system, leading to the identification of evidentiary gaps. Future map iterations will integrate evidence quality indicators and allow for deeper dives into the evidence. The authors intend to share their map with graduate medical education stakeholders (e.g., accreditors, institutional leaders, learners, patients) to understand if it adds value for evaluating their WBA programs' validity arguments.

<p>East African farming communities face complex challenges regarding food and feed productivity. Primary production systems are under stress, nutritional choices are changing and the relationship between development and agriculture is undergoing profound transformation. In the face of severe threat of soil erosion, East African agro-pastoral systems are now at a tipping point and there has never been a greater urgency for evidence-led sustainable land management interventions to reverse degradation of natural resources that support food and water security. A key barrier, however, is a lack of high spatial resolution soil health data wherein collecting such information is beyond conventional research means. This research tests whether bridging this data gap can be achieved through a coordinated citizen science programme. Accessible and portable technology is currently available in the form of hand-held soil scanners that can enable farmers to become citizen scientists empowered to collect data to establish research data bases that support critical landscape decisions. The aim of the work was to test the potential for using soil scanners as a tool for mapping whole community soil health characteristics, using soil organic matter as an indicator, down to farm-scale; a resolution that is beyond that achievable in conventional research, with the ultimate objective to deliver information that empowers stakeholders to create a sustainable community landscape plan.</p><p>Key outcomes included:</p><p>(1) A training document for the usage of the soil scanner that includes a list of potential problems and their solutions. Moreover, a training session was organised in the Tanzanian partner institution to build capacity for the continuation of the project, wherein local researchers were trained in the application of the ‘Agrocares’ soil scanner to support continuing community engagement.</p><p>(2) Local farmers being provided an opportunity to circumvent traditional power and knowledge inequities. During the introductory meeting and field measurements, we noticed the development of locally-embedded scientific interests and skills that foster stronger community ownership and engagement in action research.</p><p>(3) A high resolution soil organic matter and nutrient status dataset in small-catchment and community setting. The citizen science data contributes to soil process and hydrological understanding of East African landscapes, which besides direct contribution to the scientific understanding, also supports co-design of effective management solutions to the soil erosion and land degradation challenges.</p><p>The inclusion of ‘big data’ digital data training and sharing platforms and has the potential to create more robust and better informed collective decision-making, as well as identifying key data gaps. Further it can expand the utility and applicability of existing techniques and data sets beyond the reach of conventional research. Challenges and opportunities for wider use of soil scanning technology by community groups are evaluated.</p>

We study the link between information barriers in global markets and the organizational form of asset management. Fund families outsource funds in which they are at an informational disadvantage to generate performance. Using a structural model of self-selection, we endogenize the outsourcing decision and estimate positive gains from outsourcing of 4–14 basis points per month, thereby reconciling underperformance of outsourced funds with performance maximization by fund families. The gains from outsourcing provide a novel proxy for the information barriers that segment global financial markets: The more segmented the underlying markets where the funds invest, the larger the gains from outsourcing.