SciGlob (United States)

The Portable (2.7 kg) Cavity-enhanced Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide (PCAND) instrument for measuring in situ nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was developed using incoherent, broadband cavityenhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS). An LED light source centered at 408 nm was coupled to a cavity 15 cm in length, achieving an effective optical pathlength of ~520 m. Our precision was measured as 94 pptv (1 s). To date, we have flown this instrument on 3 balloon and 1 UAV test flights. This instrument records data to an SD card and outputs data (via an RS232 port) to external devices including a commercial radiosonde (iMet) for real-time data downlink. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major contributor to air pollution in the Earth's troposphere. Its main source is a byproduct of combustion from the burning of fossil fuels (Spinei, E. et al. 2014 ). NO2 has been monitored from satellite instruments (like OMI, TROPOMI, and GEMS) for a decade

The Portable (2.7 kg) Cavity-enhanced Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide (PCAND) instrument for measuring in situ nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was developed using incoherent, broadband cavityenhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS). An LED light source centered at 408 nm was coupled to a cavity 15 cm in length, achieving an effective optical pathlength of ~520 m. Our precision was measured as 94 pptv (1 s). To date, we have flown this instrument on 3 balloon and 1 UAV test flights. This instrument records data to an SD card and outputs data (via an RS232 port) to external devices including a commercial radiosonde (iMet) for real-time data downlink. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major contributor to air pollution in the Earth's troposphere. Its main source is a byproduct of combustion from the burning of fossil fuels (Spinei, E. et al. 2014 ). NO2 has been monitored from satellite instruments (like OMI, TROPOMI, and GEMS) for a decade

Después del golpe militar de Septiembre de 1973 que destituyó al Presidente Allende y terminó violentamente con su programa de redistribución y democratización económica y política se inició uno de los experimentos más radicales de restauración capitalista con privatización masiva de empresas públicas y de la seguridad social, apertura al comercio internacional y movimientos de capital, extensión del mecanismo de mercado a la educación, la salud y otras actividades tradicionalmente provistas por el sector público. El experimento neoliberal debilitó estructuralmente el sector trabajo y fortaleció el gran capital, generando una profunda desigualdad en la sociedad chilena. Un componente fundamental de esta transformación capitalista extrema fue la formación del Estado Neoliberal, que restringe substancialmente el rol del Estado como productor, regulador, agente redistributivo, manteniendo su rol de estabilización macroeconómica favoreciendo políticas de shock para corregir desequilibrios. Este artículo examina tipologías de Estado (Estado desarrollista, Estado de bienestar, Estado Mínimo/neoliberal), analiza los principales determinantes de la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso y la riqueza en los últimos 50 años en Chile, identifica los principales mecanismos de consolidación del Estado Neoliberal a pesar de la resistencia social que este genera y explica el enfoque de la democracia económica como una alternativa de organización económica mas democrática y equitativa.

Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) raw level-0 (L0) data in one channel is a 12-bit 2,048 × 2,048 pixels image array plus auxiliary data such as telemetry, temperature, etc. The EPIC L1a processor applies a series of correction steps on the L0 data to convert them into corrected count rates (level-1a or L1a data): Dark correction, Enhanced pixel detection, Read wave correction, Latency correction, Non-linearity correction, Temperature correction, Conversion to count rates, Flat fielding, and Stray light correction. L1a images should have all instrumental effects removed and only need to be multiplied by one single number for each wavelength to convert counts to radiances, which are the basis for all higher-level EPIC products, such as ozone and sulfur dioxide total column amounts, vegetation index, cloud, aerosol, ocean surface, and vegetation properties, etc. This paper gives an overview of the mathematics and the pre-launch and on-orbit calibration behind each correction step.

Abstract. EPIC (Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera) on board the DSCOVR (Deep Space Climate Observatory) spacecraft is the first earth science instrument located near the earth–sun gravitational plus centrifugal force balance point, Lagrange 1. EPIC measures earth-reflected radiances in 10 wavelength channels ranging from 317.5 to 779.5 nm. Of these channels, four are in the UV range 317.5, 325, 340, and 388 nm, which are used to retrieve O3, 388 nm scene reflectivity (LER: Lambert equivalent reflectivity), SO2, and aerosol properties. These new synoptic quantities are retrieved for the entire sunlit globe from sunrise to sunset multiple times per day as the earth rotates in EPIC's field of view. Retrieved ozone amounts agree with ground-based measurements and satellite data to within 3 %. The ozone amounts and LER are combined to derive the erythemal irradiance for the earth's entire sunlit surface at a nadir resolution of 18 × 18 km2 using a computationally efficient approximation to a radiative transfer calculation of irradiance. The results show very high summertime values of the UV index (UVI) in the Andes and Himalayas (greater than 18), and high values of UVI near the Equator at equinox.