Scott Christian University

Vitis vinifera L., commonly known as Muscat grapes is an aromatic food product which has a beneficial effect on the human body due to its phytonutrient potential. Studies have reported that grapes have antiobesity, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, phytoestrogenic, and neuroprotective properties. This study aimed to identify the phytonutrients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, steroid, tannin, and terpenoids of the coloured seeded grapes. Whole grapes were collected during the vegetation period and divided into three groups as whole fruit (W), fruit skin (P) and seed (S). All three samples were freeze-dried and soaked with the aqueous solution. Ultrasonic homogenized material was used for extraction. Further analysis is done in FTIR for qualitative measurement of the main functional group and antioxidant activity was determined through the DPPH method. The findings revealed that Muscat grapes may be considered as a natural rich source of phenolic amalgam with a notable amount of antioxidant capacity.

Photocatalyst preparation using titanium dioxide and thiourea was investigated broadly for the basic fuchsine dye degradation in double distilled water.Thus the sulphur doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts prepared in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2 were analyzed and used in the photodegradation process.The photodegradation was conducted in artificial light with different concentrations.The photocatalysts were analyzed with various techniques.The doped samples synthesized by steaming methods and by the use of furnace revealed appreciable degradation values in the photodegradation from the dye's initial concentration.Ultraviolet visible spectrum reveals the absorption shift of the dye to visible light range.Various parameters like concentration of dopants, catalytic concentration added to the dye, pH changes were observed during the process.Scanning electron microscopic images, X-Ray diffraction studies of the catalysts, Energy dispersive X ray analysis and Infrared spectrums were taken for the samples.

The integrated approach to teaching and learning in our Secondary Schools has been lauded in educational literature as an approach which avoids fragmentation of knowledge and leads to holistic understanding of concepts. It is also considered to be a superior organization for cognitive learning since the human brain rejects learning what is fragmented. This approach was implemented in the teaching of English in secondary schools in Kenya in 1986. However, the practice has not yielded the anticipated results. The purpose of this study was to study the implementation of the integrated approach in the teaching of English in Makindu Sub County secondary schools. By the use of questionnaires and classroom observation schedules, data was collected from teachers and classroom practice, tabulated, analysed and evaluated to form major findings. The study established that there were minimal levels of integration in English lessons. There is a discrepancy in Kenya between the official English Language Curriculum and the implemented English Language Curriculum in schools. The study showed that although majority of the respondents were experienced teachers, not all received pre-service training for both English and Literature, and thus the need for professional development programs. The study recommended that KICD should review the Integrated English Curriculum and continuous teachers' professional development to be initiated.

A set is said to be a private edge dominating set, if it is an edge dominating set, for every has at least one external private neighbor in . Let and denote the minimum and maximum cardinalities, respectively, of a private edge dominating sets in a graph . In this paper we characterize connected graph for which ? q/2 and the graph for some upper bounds. The private edge domination numbers of several classes of graphs are determined.Keywords: Edge domination; Perfect domination; Private domination; Edge irredundant sets.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.12024 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 283-294 (2013)

Looking through the abstracts of approximately 65 papers, and needing to select relevant papers for this feature, proved the following to me.My selections will leave some important and useful papers "behind."There is a wealth of experience to be shared among SPE members worldwide.The topic of risk and dealing with uncertainty continues to be a major theme—as well it should, because it is what we do on a daily basis as petroleum engineers. To address my first issue, I simply tried to identify the papers that would have the broadest appeal to benefit the most readers. I would encourage you to search online (SPE's eLibrary) to find papers that are not listed here. As for issue two, there were plenty of papers illustrating best practices or promising results and conclusions from case studies. Take note of the selected case studies, because the authors' experiences and observations can add to your repertoire of knowledge to improve the management of your own assets and projects, however different they may be from those highlighted. As for risk and uncertainty, the selected papers help provide a better understanding of the topic by highlighting the latest developments and practices. Finally, keep in mind that what we lack in experience (both successes and failures), we must make up for in terms of acquiring knowledge and risk/reward and uncertainty management. Our predecessors were able to conduct business based heavily on experience and the best understanding of the inherent uncertainties. This method may have been appropriate at that time, regardless of the project. Unfortunately, we have moved to the cutting edge of "mega scale" projects such as harsh environments or deep and ultradeep water that are so significant in terms of economic scale, human resources needed, and the complex interrelated components, that in some cases overall project management is almost beyond comprehension. Therefore, acquiring knowledge and understanding risk and uncertainty become as important as a lifetime of experience. Reserves/Asset Management additional reading available at the SPE eLibrary: www.spe.org SPE 97269 "Risk and Uncertainty Management—Best Practices and Misapplications for Cost and Schedule Estimates" by S.K. Peterson, SPE, J Murtha & Assocs., et al. SPE 102505 "The Selection, Application, and Misapplication of Reservoir Analogs for the Estimation of Petroleum Reserves" by J.E. Hodgin, SPE, Ryder Scott Co., et al. SPE 100607 "U.K. North Sea and Alaska North Slope: A Comparative Analysis of Petroleum Provinces" by J.A. Walker, SPE, ConocoPhillips Alaska Inc., et al.

Summary A casual reading of the SPE/WPC (World Petroleum Congresses) Petroleum Reserves Definitions (1997) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) definitions (1978) would suggest very little, if any, difference in the quantities of proved hydrocarbon reserves estimated under those two classification systems. The differences in many circumstances for both volumetric and performance-based estimates may be small. In 1999, the SEC began to increase its review process, seeking greater understanding and compliance with its oil and gas reserves reporting requirements. The agency's definitions had been promulgated in 1978 in connection with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 and at a time when most publicly owned oil and gas companies and their reserves were located in the United States. Oil and gas prices were relatively stable and virtually all natural gas was marketed through long-term contracts at fixed or determinable prices. Development drilling was subject to well-spacing regulations as established through field rules set by state agencies. Reservoir-evaluation technology has advanced far beyond that used in 1978; production-sharing contracts were uncommon then, and probabilistic reserves assessment was not widely recognized or appreciated in the U.S. These changes in industry practice plus many other considerations have created problems in adapting the 1978 vintage definitions to the technical and commercial realities of the 21st century. This paper presents several real-world examples of how the SEC engineering staff has updated its approach to reserves assessment as well as numerous remaining unresolved areas of concern. These remaining issues are important, can lead to significant differences in reported quantities and values, and may result in questions about the "full disclosure" obligations to the SEC.

Abstract A casual reading of the SPE/WPC Petroleum Reserves Definitions (1997) and the U.S. SEC definitions (1978) would suggest very little, if any, differences in the quantities of hydrocarbon reserves estimated under those two classification systems. The differences in many circumstances for both volumetric and performance-based estimates may be small. In 1999, the SEC began to increase is review and en-forcement process, seeking greater understanding and compliance with its oil and gas reserves reporting requirements. The agency's definitions were promulgated in 1978 in connection with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 and at a time when most publicly owned oil and gas companies and their reserves were located in the United States. Oil and gas prices were relatively stable and virtually all natural gas was marketed through long-term contracts at fixed or determinable prices. Development drilling was subject to well-spacing regulations as established through field rules set by state agencies. Reservoir evaluation technology has advanced far beyond that used in 1978; production-sharing contracts were uncommon then and probabilistic reserves assessment was not widely recognized or appreciated in the U.S. All of these factors plus numerous other considerations continue to create continuing unsolved problems in adapting the application of 1978 vintage definitions to the technological realities of 2003, particularly in light of the business and economic climate in the U.S. and around the world. This paper presents several real-world examples of how the SEC engineering staff has updated its approach to reserves assessment as well as numerous remaining, unresolved areas of concern. These remaining issues are important, can lead to significant differences in reported quantities and values and may result in questions about the "full disclosure" obligations to the SEC.