Scottish Funding Council

Academic staff are often presented in analysis as though they are a homogenous entity, but little could be further from the truth. In this chapter, we argue that academics differ in their responses to the changes and new influences in higher education and that this might be partly explained by differences in status within academic and institutional hierarchies, subject characteristics and generational differences. The academic staff population has been divided into three groups: a ‘young’ group of respondents under the age of 40 that entered academia via traditional pathways; a ‘mature, recent’ group of academics who are over the age of 40 and have entered the profession within the last 10 years; and an ‘older, established’ group. To provide a point of comparison, the UK respondents have been compared with equivalent age groups from the British Commonwealth countries comprising Australia, Canada and South Africa.

There is a growing literature on the relationship between teamwork and patient outcomes in intensive care, providing new insights into the skills required for effective team performance. The purpose of this review is to consolidate the most robust findings from this research into an intensive care unit (ICU) team performance framework. Studies investigating teamwork within the ICU using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Knowledge databases. Studies investigating the relationship between aspects of teamwork and ICU outcomes, or studies testing factors that are found to influence team working in the ICU. Teamwork behaviors associated with patient or staff-related outcomes in the ICU were identified. Teamwork behaviors were grouped according to the team process categories of "team communication," "team leadership," "team coordination," and "team decision making." A prototype framework explaining the team performance in the ICU was developed using these categories. The purpose of the framework is to consolidate the existing ICU teamwork literature and to guide the development and testing of interventions for improving teamwork. Effective teamwork is shown as crucial for providing optimal patient care in the ICU. In particular, team leadership seems vital for guiding the way in which ICU team members interact and coordinate with others.

Abstract This chapter identifies and discusses seven characteristics of integrated tourism in rural European destinations: (1) networks, (2) scale, (3) endogeneity, (4) embeddedness, (5) sustainability, (6) complementarity, and (7) empowerment. The concept of 'integrated tourism' is proposed in this chapter as an aid to understanding tourism's potential for contributing to rural development. It is also argued that it is cooperation (not competition) between tourism stakeholders in rural Europe that enables the achievement of wider development goals.