Shridhar University

Cyber threats are continuously evolving, increasing the need for advanced security technologies. Artificial intelligence (AI) plays an important role in cybersecurity by improving threat detection and enabling automated responses. This paper highlights recent advancements in AI-based cyber defense, focusing on machine learning and automation techniques. AI-driven security systems can analyze normal behavior patterns, identify threats accurately, and respond in real time. However, challenges such as lack of transparency, data bias, and adversarial attacks still exist

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia, which leads to severe complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Among various therapeutic approaches, inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, particularly α-amylase and α-glucosidase, has emerged as an effective strategy to delay glucose absorption and control postprandial hyperglycaemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward natural sources for identifying potent enzyme inhibitors, with phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds showing significant promise. These bioactive plant-derived compounds not only act as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors but also exhibit multifaceted mechanisms, including stimulation of insulin secretion, improvement of insulin sensitivity, and regulation of glucose homeostasis. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents as promising alternatives or complementary strategies for the management of diabetes mellitus.

Aim: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases and a continueing global epidemic, with over 1 to 9 adults living with the diabetes. It exacerbates multiorgan damages including the liver. Our previous study shows potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in the ethanolic leaf extract of B. grandiflora (BGEE). The present study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity of BGEE against diabetic rats. Study Design: BGEE was subjected to evaluate antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity against STZ-induced diabetic rats. Place and Duration of Study: “Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Professional University, Bhilai-490020, Chhattisgarh, India”, over the period of 4 months. Methodology: For the study, Wistar albino rats (150-180 g) were randomly divided into different groups (n = 6 animals per group). Diabetes was induced in animals by administration of a single dose of STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.). BGEE at two dose levels, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o., were administered in their respective groups (BGEE-100 and BGEE-200) for consecutive ten weeks and assessed against the STZ control group. The normal group was also included in the study. Results: BGEE treatments significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels compared to the STZ control group. Moreover, BGEE treatments significantly (P < 0.05) restored the serum hepatic enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), hepatic antioxidants (CAT, SOD, and GSH), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) compared to the STZ control group. The beneficial effect of BGEE against diabetic hepatopathy was also reflected in histopathological studies. Conclusion: According to these findings, B. grandiflora is a very promising natural resource for the creation of potent, multi-target phytotherapeutics that can treat glycemic dysregulation and related diabetic hepatopathy.

In this chapter, the author focuses on the issue of surface catalysis and the role of this subject in heterogeneous reactions with specific reference to industrial chemistry applications. The reactions during the heterogeneous catalysis can be described by the difference in the phase of the catalyst and reaction phase, where the solid catalyst is used in contact with gaseous or liquid reactants. The chapter explains the manner in which surface reactions take place, including the adsorption of reactants, surface reaction, and product desorption. Examples of how surface catalysis may be used to enhance reaction rate, selectivity, and efficiency include important industrial systems (such as the Haber process to make ammonia). The use of catalysts in the petrochemical industries, including hydrogenation process, cracking and reforming, is discussed. Strong aspects of surface catalysis, such as surface area, pore framework, temperature and pressure, are cited to depict optimization of processes. The chapter is actually a mixture of theoretical information and practical examples, which show how the interaction of molecules on the surface can regulate reactions on an industrial scale. Issues such as catalyst deactivation, sintering, catalyst poisoning and catalyst regeneration are explained, and provision of measures to improve the life and sustainability of catalysts is noted. The chapter combines principles and mechanisms and industrial significance that offer students the knowledge needed in the employment of catalysis research, chemical engineering and industrial process development.

This research work shows the potential of piperidine as a lead scaffold for inhibiting glycation, using a computational technique focused on the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, a critical factor responsible for diabetic complications. Network pharmacology was applied to map overlapping gene targets between piperidine-containing phytochemicals and glycation processes. Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks were subsequently constructed to identify hub genes, while biological relevance was interrogated through Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. To prove these findings, molecular docking simulations (Molegro Virtual Docker v.6.0) were carried out to determine the binding affinity of the compounds against the RAGE protein (PDB ID: 4LP5). The results indicated significant involvement in the AGE-RAGE, type II diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance pathways, with MTOR, ESR1, HSP90AA1, NFKB1, and STAT3 emerging as central regulatory hubs. Docking results indicated that the phytochemicals possess strong binding affinity for the human RAGE protein, surpassing the affinity of the standard reference, Pyridoxamine. Specifically, consistent hydrogen bonding and steric interactions with key residues suggest a conserved, favorable binding mode within the active site. The results from this work conclude that polyhydroxy piperidine-based phytochemicals can be promising antiglycation agents that operate via multi-pathway modulation and direct RAGE inhibition, supporting the further development of piperidine-based synthetic pharmacophores

ObjectivesThe polyol pathway plays an important pathophysiological role in diabetic-related ocular complications, including cataracts, one of the major causes of ocular blindness. The current paper investigated the protective effects of plumbagin against diabetogenic cataract formation, focusing on exploring its possible mechanism of action.MethodsThe study investigates antioxidant activity, aldose reductase inhibitory activity, and anticataract activity in experimental pharmacological models. In the ex-vivo study, goat lenses were incubated in artificial aqueous humor with high concentrations of glucose (55.5 mM) and plumbagin (20, 50, and 100 µg/mL), which was assessed against cataract control lenses.ResultsThe in-vitro study showed that plumbagin inhibits 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl free radical and lens aldose reductase activity. The ex-vivo study showed that plumbagin prevents lenticular opacity against the glucose-induced model. The plumbagin exposure significantly (p < 0.05) increased the antioxidant activity (catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione) and reduced the malonaldehyde level. Moreover, plumbagin treatment significantly (p < 0.05) restored the lens protein content. Additionally, network pharmacological approaches suggested that SLC2A1, STAT3, and TP53 are the major target proteins for plumbagin in the prevention of cataract.ConclusionThe results concluded that plumbagin has promising anticataract activity by inhibiting lens aldose reductase and mitigating lenticular oxidative stress, making it a potential anticataract agent for diabetic conditions.

Background: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may result in sunburn, accelerated aging, cutaneous damage, and potentially, carcinoma of the skin. While effective, synthetic sunscreens are frequently linked to dermal irritation and possible toxicity. Herbal sunscreens, formulated with natural, plant-derived compounds, present a more secure and ecologically sound alternative. Objective:To develop and evaluate a herbal sunscreen lotion utilizing plant extracts possessing established UV-protective, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties. Materials and Methods: Herbal extracts derived from Aloe vera, Watermelon, Sandalwood, and Turmeric were selected based on their photoprotective and antioxidant capabilities. The lotion base was prepared utilizing conventional emulsification methodologies. Physicochemical properties, including pH, viscosity, spreadability, and stability, in-vitro sun protection factor determined via UV spectrophotometry were evaluated for the formulated herbal sunscreen lotion. Results: The herbal sunscreen lotion exhibited acceptable spreadability, stability under diverse storage conditions, and an appropriate pH (5.5–6.5). Confirmation of effective UV-B protection was established by the moderate range (SPF 15–25) of the in-vitro SPF value. The presence of significant antioxidant activity suggested the potential for skin protection from oxidative damage. Conclusion: The herbal sunscreen cream exhibits potential antioxidant properties in conjunction with ultraviolet (UV) protection. It serves as a safe, natural, and efficient alternative to chemical sunscreens, demonstrating commercialization potential.

Abstract Coumarins are a class of compounds with a pronounced wide range of biological activities. Their biological activity and potential application are highly dependent on their structure. In present research work a series of novel coumarin analogues ( 5f ‐ 5j ) were designed, synthesized, and characterized through different spectroscopy methods and evaluated for its hypoglycemic property. Molecular docking study was performed against α‐amylase and AMPK. In vitro antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH scavenging assay, ascorbic acid was taken for reference. Compounds showed inhibitory activity against α‐amylase in in vitro inhibition assay. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity was carried out on animal model. Entire synthesized molecule showed good docking score for both the target protein, among them compound 5f and 5j showed least energy score −10.77 and −10.75 kcal/mol for α amylase, whereas for AMPK energy score was −11.00 kcal/mol and −11.80 kcal/mol respectively. Compound 5f and 5g showed highest antioxidant potential with IC 50 value 20.96 g/mL and 19.11 g/mL. Both the molecule 5f and 5g showed reduction in blood glucose level, maintained Hb1AC level after 4 week treatment. Slight regeneration of beta cells observed in histological study of rat's pancreas treated with compound 5f and 5g . This outcome indicated the hypoglycemic potential of 5f and 5g without causing any toxicity.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, especially Type 2 diabetes, has grown into a global health crisis affecting millions. Despite advances in synthetic therapeutics, long-term glycemic control and management of associated complications continue to present challenges. In response, researchers and clinicians have increasingly turned toward traditional knowledge and natural remedies, particularly plant-derived phytochemicals, as complementary or alternative strategies for diabetes management. This book, Green Remedies: The Science of Plant-Based Solutions for Diabetes, presents a comprehensive and evidence-based exploration of key botanicals that have demonstrated antidiabetic potential. Each chapter delves into the phytochemistry, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic relevance of specific medicinal plants such as Momordica charantia (bitter melon), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Allium sativum (garlic), and Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek). Bridging traditional knowledge with modern scientific insights, the contributors of this volume have rigorously analyzed both preclinical and clinical data to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and synergistic potential of these plant-based interventions. The book also addresses challenges in standardization, bioavailability, formulation science, and the need for robust clinical validation. We hope that this work serves as a valuable reference for researchers, clinicians, students, and industry professionals involved in the fields of pharmacognosy, integrative medicine, nutrition science, and drug discovery.