Siemens (Brazil)

Emerging digital technologies have enabled the optimization of existing processes and assets, driving cost reductions and decarbonization. One such resource is the Digital Twin, a software abstraction faithfully reproducing complex systems to enable diverse use cases, including real-time connectivity to equipment. In digital substations, Digital Twins facilitate testing of protection, automation, and control applications, including those using IEC61850. This work explores evaluating generator and transformer differential protection in virtual environments using the Digital Twin apparatus. Generators and transformers are critical power system components, underscoring the importance of robust and reliable protection schemes. Differential protection is widely used for detecting internal and external faults, but its testing can be challenging due to protection logic complexity and the need to recreate realistic fault scenarios. By leveraging Digital Twins, this paper aims to enhance the testing and validation of generator and transformer differential protection, strengthening power grid resilience and performance. The Digital Twin's ability to accurately simulate the power system enables diverse fault scenarios and protection system evaluation in a safe, controlled, and cost-effective environment.

Abstract Background Sigma Metric (SM) assesses the degree of deviation of lab. tests from established specifications, combining Total Acceptable Error (ETa), imprecision and analytical bias. Quality criteria, defined by models of desirable specification, are used to determine the analytical performance of lab. tests. The concepts of biological variation are used as the preferred approach for establishing specifications. Reagents (RE) for the determination of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) use thromboplastin obtained from different tissue extracts and activation factors, being standardized to reduce the variability of the tests, and ensure equivalence of clinical diagnosis. This work evaluated three RE for APTT and the fulfillment of the desirable specifications of analytical quality, using the SM as an analysis tool. Material & methods APTT determinations were performed on the Sysmex®CS-2500 (Siemens Healthineers) with Actin®FS (AFS), Actin®FSL (FSL), and Pathromtin®SL (PSL) RE and bi-level Control Plasma N (CN) and Ci-Trol®2 Control (CI). Two different lots were used for each RE and control (CT), and the results were analyzed in RE-CT combination. We determined (a)analytical bias (Bias), from intra-assay imprecision determined by 30 repetitions in a single analytical run and by comparison with manufacturer's data, and (b)analytical coefficient of variation (CVa), from inter-assay imprecision, by triplicate in 3 periods each 3 h, for the 2 CT levels. Analytical quality specifications for APTT were selected in the literature, adopting desirable ETa values of 4.5% and minimum of 6.7%, obtained from a database for biological variation and acceptable limit of 15%, based on CLIA-CAP. SM was calculated with formula: Sigma = ETa–Bias/CVa, with graphic representation adapted from the Westgard’s model. Results For CVa, AFS and FSL results with CN and CI were <1.0%. PSL presented results above 1.0% for CN and CI. All RE presented results lower than those recommended by the manufacturer, respectively 4.0% for AFS; 3.0% for FSL; and 2.8% for PSL. For bias, a greater variation was observed for the combinations of RE and CT, ranging from 1.16% to 4.07%, being related to the differences between the averages obtained and the values defined in the leaflets. For the desirable specification of ETa (4.5%), 3 combinations of RE and CT level AFS-CN, FSL-CN and PSL-CI presented Sigma values >3 (respectively, 3.61, 3.87 and 3.33). When using the minimum specification (6.7%), the PSL-CN combination presented a Sigma = 2.06. With the CLIA-CAP specification, all RE and CT combinations had Sigma >6. Discussion All RE showed similar analytical performance when compared by SM, demonstrating that different commercial formulations for APTT determination do not show differences in analytical Bias and CVa determinations. The graphical representation by SM allows you to visually compare analytical imprecision and inaccuracy values. Conclusion All RE showed no differences in analytical performance, with SM being a visual tool for analyzing and comparing RE performance.

The soil characterization is one of the major prerequisites in grounding system studies. Along with an adequate measurement procedure and a reliable field data processing, they are responsible for the success in the design and the installation of grounding grids in electrical power systems. In this frame of reference, the purpose of this work is to present an embracing investigation combining <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in-situ</i> measuring data from soil resistivity and geological survey, supported by the Wenner method and standard penetration test (SPT). The study is focused on investigating the differences in the apparent soil resistivity interpretation, provided by distinct approaches, identifying the one that better correlates with SPT. Furthermore, a geoelectrical and geotechnical soil characterization is in-depth evaluated, culminating in the derivations among soil resistivity, moisture content, and its mechanical properties. The study has a particular application, but not restricted, to electrical substations design, in which a proper soil modeling and representation are mandatory. The obtained results are promising serving as a foundation for further investigation.

Atualmente as empresas com alto valor agregado de mão de obra sofrem com um grande problema, a retenção do conhecimento e a transmissão dele de maneira fluída. Os desafios são grandes com a quantidade de tecnologias emergentes que surgem a todo instante e com a maneira com que as companhias precisam lidar com ela. Este trabalho tem como o objetivo a pesquisa numa empresa global, instalada no Brasil, a respeito de como está se encarando a gestão do conhecimento e a fomentação por meio das ferramentas corporativas e pelos gestores. Também tem-se como objetivo a pesquisa de ferramentas de mercado que possam melhorar essa gestão e fazer com que as companhias caminhem para um futuro dentro do planejado, sem perdas significativas em seu capital intelectual e conhecimento embarcado.

In this work, two standalone configurations of hybrid renewable energy system for low power desalination plant are designed and their performances are presented. The design of both systems is based on datasheet driven wind turbine, solar photovoltaic (PV) panel and battery models. Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process is used which is composed of a module with semipermeable membranes and an electric motor for pumping water under high pressure. Each energy system is designed to meet the power demand of its corresponding electric motor. Three-phase diode rectifier, two dc-dc boost converters and a buck-boost converter to manage the energy flow of the battery bank are applied in both configurations. In one of these configurations the converters form up the dc bus voltage that feeds a two-level three-phase pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverter for driving the ac motor. Distinctively in the other one, an integrated structure combining classic boost converter and Greinacher/Cockcroft-Walton rectifier is proposed to perform the voltage step-up function. The resulting dc bus voltage is applied to a three-phase three-level Neutral-Point Clamped (NPC) PWM inverter. Performance analysis were carried out by simulations under specific limits of wind and solar irradiation levels to meet load demands. Experimental results of the proposed dc-dc arrangement are shown to evaluate its practicality and possible benefits.

Energy automation systems have been expanding and there are more Ethernet capable devices in the network. Protection relays, switches, GPS and also computers have many critic diagnosis information available via the network interface. The intention of this paper is to present how the already available information can be used in the human-machine interfaces and SCADA systems to have a more detailed diagnosis of the network and its devices. Information like IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices) health status, CPU loads, fiber-optics light intensity, GOOSE (Generic Oriented Object Substation Event) message errors, can be used to early detect equipment failure and network instabilities. Early analysis can prevent problems with the equipment interlocking and protection functionalities and improves the power system availability. The simple network management protocol (SNMP) is a management protocol widely implemented, which makes it an ideal manufacturer-independent solution for this purpose. To test this concept a Siemens SCADA system was used as a manager of the SNMP enabled devices in an already commissioned power plant with Siemens Siprotec 4 protection relays. Further ideas were also developed.

In previous papers, the PLS-PH algorithm has presented good results in identifying ill-conditioned systems, where a high collinearity in the collected data is found. All published papers up to now have dealt with open-loop data. One possible source of collinearity in data is the presence of feedback loops. In this paper, models are identified through different MRI methods (PLS-PH and MPEM) and then are compared. The data are collected from a simulated shell-tube heat exchanger controlled by a PI controller.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the three most important progressive file formats: PNG, JPEG and JPEG2000.