Sir Sunderlal Hospital

The study aimed to analyze the possibility of holding algorithms responsible for committing automated cybercrimes accountable before the International Criminal Court (ICC), with a focus on the legal dimensions of these crimes, their material and mental elements, and their classification within the four international crimes stipulated in the Rome Statute. It also examined the challenges related to proving the crime and determining liability in the absence of legal personality for automated systems. The study relied on a legal analytical approach to examine the texts of the Rome Statute and relevant international agreements, a comparative method to contrast current legal frameworks with emerging technical challenges, an inductive approach to identify legislative gaps, and a descriptive method to define the nature and technical-legal dimensions of automated cybercrimes. The findings revealed that the complexity of the elements of automated cybercrime and the difficulty of classifying them within traditional crimes places responsibility on individuals or entities that develop or employ these technologies, and that the current provisions of the Rome Statute are insufficient to prosecute such crimes, necessitating urgent legislative development and the establishment of advanced technical capabilities within the Court. The recommendations included amending the Rome Statute to include clear provisions criminalizing automated cybercrimes, creating specialized technical units within the Court to analyze cyber evidence, enhancing international cooperation among states and judicial bodies, and developing training programs for judges and prosecutors to ensure the effective and reliable handling of digital crimes. The scientific contribution of the study lies in proposing a legal framework for holding algorithms accountable, bridging the gap between traditional international law and emerging technical challenges, and enhancing the ICC’s effectiveness in addressing automated cybercrimes.

Purpose: E-cigarettes were initially marketed as a harm reduction tool for adult smokers, with the goal of helping them quit smoking. In recent years, the popularity of e-cigarettes has surged among youth, including educated young people, even in the face of regulatory efforts and bans. There is lack of knowledge about the specific patterns of use and the degree of nicotine dependence among these vapers. Understanding the dependency index is crucial for informing public health interventions and policies. Relevance: Vaping dependency was assessed using The Penn state electronic cigarette dependency index (PS-ECDI) scale. Participants: 40 educated individuals in age group of 18 to 45 yrs of both the genders with minimum vaping history of six months were included in the study. Methods: Cross sectional study, participants were collected from community set up and were administered to PS-ECDI scale, duration & frequency of vaping were noted. Analysis: Descriptive statistics used for assessing dependency in vapers. Results: This study revealed that 63% participants had low dependance, 35% had medium dependence & 2% had low dependency on vape. Conclusion: Vaping causes dependency though it showed variable patterns among young educated vapers in Pune city. Implications: Vaping has shown to cause harmful effects on respiratory and nervous system of young individuals; hence cessation programs must be implemented.

There are limited data on the real-world utilization of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This was a cross-sectional study of a multicentric observational cohort of RA patients across rheumatology clinics at six centers across India. Patients who met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2010 criteria for RA were included. The demographics, disease-related parameters, and current therapy in terms of DMARDs were analyzed using a structured paper or electronic case record form. This study included 4,061 patients with RA across six centers in India. A majority were female (female-to-male ratio, 6:1), and their mean [standard deviation (SD)] age at the time of enrollment was 51 (12.2) years. Rheumatoid factor and/or anti-CCP were positive in 79 and 77%, respectively. Data on DMARDs were available for 3,550 RA patients. Conventional synthetic DMARDs alone were being used in 3,289 (93%), targeted synthetic DMARDs in 203 (6%), and biological DMARDs in 67 (2%). A total of at least 18 separate types or combinations of DMARDs were being prescribed, with the most common being a combination of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine (22%), methotrexate monotherapy (17%), and a combination of methotrexate and leflunomide (16%). Overall, the most common DMARD prescribed (as monotherapy or in combination) was methotrexate (86%), followed by hydroxychloroquine (52%) and leflunomide (37%). Cs-DMARDs remain the mainstay in the treatment of Indian patients with RA in this study, with the majority being treated with methotrexate alone or in combination with other DMARDs.

Background Proximal humerus fractures are relatively common, accounting for about 5–9% of all fractures. There is no agreement regarding the optimal interventions for these fractures. This controversy makes a dilemma for decision-makers in the clinic. This study aimed to assess the functional outcome of nonoperative management in Neer’s three, four parts proximal humerus fracture and the incidence of complications. Patients and methods This prospective case series study recruited 52 patients with three-part or four-part fractures of the proximal humerus in the Orthopedic Department. Patients were observed and followed up after conservative treatment. Patients of both sexes above 20 years, with closed Neer’s three-part and four-part fractures of proximal humerus, were included. Old (>4 weeks) and open fractures, associated neurovascular injuries, presence of infection, and mentally ill patients were excluded from the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Cairo University. Written informed consent was obtained from all included patients. American shoulder and elbow surgeon’s score, Constant score, and visual analog scale were assessed at 12 months. Postinjury radiographs, including true anteroposterior and lateral views, were obtained at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks postimmobilization, then at 3, 6, and 12 months following injury. Results This study recruited 52 patients with three-part and four-part fractures of the proximal humerus. These patients were managed conservatively, followed up, and observed for 1 year. The mean age of included patients was 64.23 years old (28–87). The majority of included patients were females, 41 (78.8%). Forty-three (82.7%) patients of included patients had three-part fractures and nine (17%) patients had four-part fractures. The age of patients with four-part fractures (75.4 ± 7.8) was higher than the age of patients with three-part fractures (61.6 ± 13.2), and this was statistically significant (P<0.05). The mean Constant score after 12 months was 79.38 ± 8.26 and the American shoulder and elbow surgeon’s was 78.9 ± 11.2. The visual analog score was 3.7 ± 1.7 after 1 year. Conclusions Nonoperative treatment of three-part and four-part proximal humeral fractures yield acceptable and satisfactory functional results. Four-part fracture has better clinical results than three-part ones.

ABSTRACT Introduction Caspases are a family of protease enzymes that play a crucial role in apoptosis. Dysregulation of caspase activity has been implicated in various pathological conditions, making caspases an important focus of research in understanding cell death mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with abnormal apoptosis. Areas covered It is a comprehensive review of caspase inhibitors that have been comprising recently granted patents from 2016 to 2023. It includes peptide and non-peptide caspase inhibitors with their application for different diseases. Expert opinion This review categorizes and analyses recently patented caspase inhibitors on various diseases. Diseases linked to caspase dysregulation, including neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune conditions, are highlighted to accentuate the therapeutic relevance of the patented caspase inhibitors. This paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical developers seeking an up-to-date understanding of recently patented caspase inhibitors. The integration of recent patented compounds, structural insights, and mechanistic details provides a holistic view of the progress in caspase inhibitor research and its potential impact on addressing various diseases.

Abstract: Computational modeling has become a crucial tool in drug design, offering efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This paper discusses the various computational modeling techniques used in drug design and their role in enabling efficient drug discovery strategies. Molecular docking predicts the binding affinity of a small molecule to a target protein, allowing the researchers to identify potential lead compounds and optimize their interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into protein-ligand complexes, enabling the exploration of conformational changes, binding free energies, and fundamental protein-ligand interactions. Integrating computational modeling with machine learning algorithms, such as QSAR modeling and virtual screening, enables the prediction of compound properties and prioritizes potential drug candidates. High-performance computing resources and advanced algorithms are essential for accelerating drug design workflows, with parallel computing, cloud computing, and GPU acceleration reducing computational time. The paper also addresses the challenges and limitations of computational modeling in drug design, such as the accuracy of scoring functions, protein flexibility representation, and validation of predictive models. It emphasizes the need for experimental validation and iterative refinement of computational predictions to ensure the reliability and efficacy of designed drugs.

Meşrutiyet’in ilanı önemli sosyal ve siyasi değişimlere neden olmuştur. Bu değişimler Osmanlı Devleti’nde fikirsel gelişmeleri meydana getirmiştir. Ortaya çıkan yeni fikirler basını, düşünce hayatını, siyasi yapılanmayı derinden etkilemiştir. Bu dönemde pek çok yeni gazete ve siyasi parti ortaya çıkmıştır. Mevcut özgürlük ortamında sol fikirler de hayat bulmuştur. Hem sosyalist içerikli gazeteler yayın hayatına başlamış hem de bir sosyalist parti kurulmuştur. Osmanlı’nın ilk sosyalist gazetesi “İştirak” 1326 [1910] senesinde Hüseyin Hilmi Bey tarafından yayınlanmıştır. İştirak yayınladığın ilk günden itibaren hükümet baskına maruz kalmıştır. İştirak kapatıldığında; İştirak’in yerine İnsaniyet, Sosyalist ve Medeniyet gazeteleri yayınlamıştır. Böylece İştirak yayın faaliyetlerini sürdürebilmiştir. İştirak gazetesi, ülke sorunlarının sosyalizmle çözüleceğine inanmış, ülkede sosyalist bir düzenin kurulması için gayret etmiştir. Gazete, işçinin temel halk ve hürriyetlerini sıklıkla dile getirmiş, haklarını kazanmaları için işçileri teşvik etmiş, sendikaların önemine atıfta bulunmuş ve işçi örgütlenmesini sağlamaya çalışmıştır. Bunun için 2 Eylül 1326’da [15 Eylül 1910’da] kurulan “Osmanlı Sosyalist Fırkası” ile dayanışma sağlamıştır. Gazetede işçi haklarının yanı sıra basın özgürlüğü, hürriyet, eşitlik ve demokrasi kavramlarına sıklıkla yer verilmiş, hükümetin uygulamaları eleştirilmiştir. II Meşrutiyet’in sağladığı hürriyet ortamı ile siyasal ve toplumsal düşünce akımları doğmuştur. Bu ortamda mevcudiyet bulan sosyalist fikirler İştirak gazetesi etrafında gelişme göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada İştirak gazetesi ve alt yayın organlarının politikaları, amaçları, topluma katkıları ve Osmanlı sosyalistleri hakkında bilgi vermek amaçlamıştır.