Sokhumi State University

This article examines the historical causes of the Afghan-Pakistani conflict. Today, the Afghan-Pakistani conflict is flaring up with renewed vigor, attracting the attention of the global community and suggesting that a new flashpoint is emerging in the East. The article focuses on the current developments on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan and offers predictions for conflict resolution. The issue of state borders is particularly important, as national boundaries often do not coincide with state boundaries, and many ethnic groups find themselves separated, leading to border disputes and the desire to "restore justice," which is unique to each. These states include Pakistan and Afghanistan, which cannot reach a consensus on the Afghan-Pakistani border. Pakistan recognizes the so-called Durand Line, established in 1893, as the state border between the two countries, while Afghanistan does not consider this line legitimate and is making every effort to revise it. This line of Afghan foreign policy has been evident in all Afghan governments that have ruled for nearly a century and a half since the signing of the 1893 treaty. This region has always been a place where numerous interests intertwine, with each side seeking to achieve its own agenda. A favorable resolution of the conflict along the Durand Line depends on which side the great powers choose to side with. Here, in turn, the interests of states supporting different sides in the conflict may clash. The purpose of this study is to examine the border conflict that exists in bilateral Afghan-Pakistani relations. The objectives of this study are to examine the causes of the border dispute, examine the current situation on the Afghan-Pakistani border, and predict future developments along the border between the two countries. Today, to understand the complex political dynamics unfolding between these two countries, it is necessary to turn to the historical experience of Afghan-Pakistani relations. This is especially true since today, i.e., in 2026 (2010), marks exactly 76 years since the first border conflict between the two countries. Thus, as noted above, the origins of the Afghan-Pakistani border conflict along the Durand Line go back to the 19th century, specifically to 1893, when this border was drawn, sowing the seeds of discord between the two countries and dividing the once-united people living in the area. It was then that all the contradictions that exist between the countries to this day were born. How the conflict will develop further is difficult to predict. Everything depends on a number of circumstances: the international community's recognition of the Taliban, a settlement of the situation in Afghanistan, the willingness of the parties to compromise, etc. Is a full-scale war possible? We think so. But it is important to remember that history knows many similar border conflicts, and even war in these cases is not a solution. Typically, such disputes last for centuries, periodically flaring up and then dying down again, with no compromise ever being reached.

The proposed monograph is devoted to the study of Mikhail Nikolaevich Kapustin's (1828-1899) legal theory, which includes the doctrine of domestic and international law. The Russian legal science of the second half of the 19th century is characterized in the context of its compliance with the developing legal practice. The main stages of M.N. Kapustin's creative evolution are identified, and their characteristics are provided in the context of his solution to the problem of creating a general theory of law and developing a scientific methodology for the study of law, etc. The monograph is intended for students of law faculties and universities, postgraduate students of law, teachers, and anyone interested in the history and methodology of legal science.

Energy efficiency marketing has become an important component of strategic business communication. Recent research shows that energy efficiency is perceived as strategic business communication. It includes customer-oriented marketing (CX-based EE), behavioral marketing, and communications marketing (digital, visual, and social media). It is a combination of brand, customer, technology, and integrated communication policy whose main goal is to change consumer experience and behavior. One of the key tasks of marketing in the field of changing experience and behavior is to determine how to convey information about energy efficiency to consumers so that it is perceived as a strategic investment. Specific customers must clearly understand why they need it, what they need to do to get it, what benefits it will bring, and when. Behavior, as a combination of awareness, opportunity, and motivation, is an active force that ensures the correct, long-term, and widespread use of marketing communications technologies. Effective marketing communication in the field of energy efficiency requires, in addition to defining consumer behavior criteria (awareness, environmental values, culture, habits, economic opportunities, and motivation), an assessment of the business environment, technologies, infrastructure, and government policy. Based on an analysis of recent work by leading specialists and experts in this field, this article will provide a conceptual framework for understanding the relationship between energy efficiency marketing and consumer behavior criteria. In addition, based on an analysis of real business cases from Georgia, the main barriers and challenges that need to be considered for effective marketing communication in the field of raising awareness of energy efficiency will be identified. The study will enrich existing knowledge on energy efficiency marketing. It will also provide significant assistance to practitioners in developing effective messages tailored to the needs of target audiences with specific behavioral tendencies, selecting communication channels, and evaluating interactivity and results.

The present work is dedicated to Ekvtime Mtatsmindeli, a righteous re­p­resentative of the Georgian theological, literary and jurisprudential school. The fo­u­nder of Georgian translation school . His contribution to the science of Georgian law and law-making activities is invaluable. The so-called six-month The principle of decrease-increase is the best standard for the reception of foreign law, which is desirable for the modern legislator to actively take into account when working on foreign laws and their implementation in the Georgian legal space in the process of introduction. Instead of calculating foreign laws, if they are applied according to the six-month increment principle, it is a difficult and time-consuming way, but we will get the best result, and this method is not far away. Translation of monuments.  The work is not limited only to the reception standards of the sixteenth century, we also consider new findings of the qualification of crimes of the sixteenth century for that era, as well as its literary heritage, mainly it is      Theological and hagiographical works and most of them touch on the way of Or­th­o­doxy as faith and ideology. Ekvtime is an author who needs more attention and consideration, modern Georgians should remember the correct lessons of the past for better progress. This is important in the conditions of the modern world, taking into account the challenges facing the Georgian state and society - it is necessary to pre­se­rve our national identity not only in our daily life and culture, Law-making is also a part of culture, and it is independent law, not blindly entrusted to foreign laws, that is needed for the proper development of the Georgian state and Georgian society. I be­lieve that in this important matter, there is simply no better guide than Ekvtime Mtatsmindeli - in the process of correct reception of legislation, and not only in the process of reception.

There are striking similarities in the concepts of the great American author Edgar Allan Poe and the brilliant Georgian king-poet Galaktion Tabidze, which indicate the high spiritual values and similar attitudes towards the world of these two poets and great men.        In the writings of both poets, special attention is paid to the concepts of the madman and the insane.This metaphorical application refers not to clinical insanity but to the ele­vation of the artist above the possibilities of ordinary man, to a higher level of co­ns­ci­ousness. Goethe, Grigol Robakidze, Edgar Poe, Galaktioni, Terenti Granelli understood the notion of the insane as synonymous with superior perception, positive energy and inspiration. But madness, insanity acquired its odious content in the totalitarian Soviet empire and artists serving justice and freedom were referred to as madmen. An example of this is the declaration of Terence Granelli as mentally ill. In this regard, the Soviet political system did not spare Galaktion Tabidze and created the image of a “mad poet” from him.         The ingenious aesthetics of the “mad poet” can also be seen in the work of the Ame­ri­can poet Edgar Allan Poe. He is a spiritual ally of Galaktion Tabidze and Terence Gra­nelli. There is a particularly great similarity in the work of Edgar Poe and Galaktion.        This scientific study examines the parallels in the legacy of these two great creators from the perspective of a metaphorical understanding of one specific concept - the ma­dman, the insane.

Peace initiatives and strategies contribute to the cessation of conflict, the reduction of tension, the establishment of peace, and the initiation of dialogue between opposing parties. These initiatives can take various forms, including: Negotiations and dialogue between the conflicting sides; Mediation, in which a third party (such as an international organization, a foreign country, or a special representative) facilitates communication and agreement between the parties; Reintegration and reconciliation programs, aimed at unifying society after conflict and supporting affected groups through targeted projects; Humanitarian initiatives, including the protection of civilians, the provision of humanitarian aid, and the creation of a stable environment; Educational and cultural programs, which promote a culture of peace, teach tolerance, and help reduce hostility between opposing communities. The objective of this research is to explore the attitudes of the Georgian population living in occupied Abkhazia toward peace initiatives implemented by international organizations, the Georgian government, and third-party states. Naturally, this issue is closely tied to political and socio-economic factors, which are evident both among those displaced from Abkhazia and those still residing under occupation. Gathering the perspectives of the Georgian population living under occupation was challenging but meaningful. Through personal connections and support, we were able to engage with participants. The research focused particularly on which peace initiatives they trust most and which they feel have had a tangible impact on their lives under occupation. Findings indicate that despite various efforts, peacebuilding in the Abkhazian region remains fraught with challenges. Conflict transformation requires more than dialogue and trust-building – it demands socio-economic initiatives that promote equality, security, and sustainable peace for all stakeholders. In this context, peace education and the promotion of a culture of peace are essential, and this process cannot succeed without the active engagement and support of international organizations.

Chamber measurements are a common method for assessing greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere. They are particularly useful for measurements at homogeneous sites and for partitioning fluxes and processes. Automated chamber measurements provide significantly improved temporal coverage compared to manual chambers. This factor is especially important for temporally variable soil N2O emissions. Although automated chambers are less labor-intensive, they typically rely on an electric grid. In contrast, manual chambers are relatively simple to operate and can function using batteries.  The test-operational MOBile MEasurement STAtion (MOBMESTA) offers a solution for automated chamber measurements without access to an electric grid. This is achieved by: 1) minimizing power use and implementing power-saving features, 2) utilizing compressed air to operate (open and close) the chambers, 3) employing bifacial solar panels to provide power, and 4) incorporating large interchangeable lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries.  The system is designed for year-round operation, even in snowy, cold, and dark conditions. The system is designed for a maintenance cycle of few weeks. The design stems from decades of experience at both the Hyytiälä Forest Station and the INAR Ecosystems Research Group at the University of Helsinki.  While the primary focus of MOBMESTA is on soil GHG exchange measurements, it is also capable of operating shoot or stem chambers. Although the initial design is based on pneumatic operation of the chambers, electric motors are also supported. The system features 16 sample channels capable of both closed-loop and flow-through operation. The station will provide meteorological and environmental background measurements, along with optional site-specific ecological measurements.  The system is compact enough to fit in a van. Each individual component has a maximum weight of 22 kg, allowing for transport by a single person. The system itself is constructed on a two-wheeled trolley with a flat loading surface (load area 1 x 0.6 m, maximum load 400 kg). As of spring 2025, the system is undergoing field testing. 

The electrophysical and current-voltage characteristics of the p-n junction created on the p-type monocrystalline Si+2at.%Ge substrate have been studied under alpha particle irradiation at varying fluences. The changes in the electrical characteristics of the p-n junction in both the initial and irradiated states were investigated. It was found that, with increasing alpha particle fluence, the short-circuit current and photoelectric conversion efficiency significantly decrease, while the fill factor and open circuit voltage decrease only slightly. The mechanisms of the electrical characteristics degradation of the p-n junction under alpha radiation are analyzed. It is proposed that the significant decrease in short-circuit current and conversion efficiency may be attributed to a reduction in the lifetime of minority current carriers. The contribution of localized deformation near Ge atoms, the spatial distribution of the impurity-radiation defect complex surrounding dislocations, and the electrical activity and stability of these defects in the formation of the electrophysical properties of the p-n junction on the Si+2at.%Ge substrate are discussed.

Absolute emission cross section for the first negative and Meinel band system of N2+ molecule are disscased at the collisions electrons and protons with N2 molecules in the E=200ev energy. Particularly are preseted the excitation functions of (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3) bands of 1NG and (2,0), (3,0),(4,1), (5,2) bands of Meinel systems respectively. The analysis of emission spectrum of atomic and molecular particles are performed too.

The given article presents an analysis of the morphological and semantic structure of the Georgian and Abkhaz toponyms of Samurzaqano. The relevance of the topic is determined by the following circumstance: specifically, after 1993, the toponymic situation in this region changed radically: all toponyms of Georgian origin were prohibited, and Abkhaz names invented by separatists - names that had never existed before or were unofficial versions of Georgian toponyms adapted into the Abkhaz language—became dominant. Our aim is to provide a detailed morphological analysis of the Georgian and Abkhaz toponyms from the pre-occupation period of the Samurzaqano region in Abkhazia. The research is based on toponyms recorded by the well-known Georgian researcher Paata Tskhadaia. It was found that the majority of microtoponyms in the studied area are entirely Georgian in structure: they are Georgian, or Mingrelian, or contain Mingrelian roots, bases, and affixes used as derivational affixes. The second group of toponyms is entirely in the Abkhaz language, and here too, a diverse picture emerges in terms of morphological analysis. Specifically, there are both simple-rooted Abkhaz toponyms and complex-rooted, composite-derived Abkhaz toponyms, in which the morphological and syntactic features characteristic of Abkhaz determinatives and boundary markers are preserved. The examined material clearly shows that the toponyms of Samurzaqano represent a variety of morphological and semantic groups. It is noteworthy that Kartvelian toponyms and derivational affixes are more dominant, and even in Abkhaz roots, Kartvelian derivational affixes are often present.